92 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/3e7c1598ca92b85ddae360739181addf.pdf b150b7800aae9c74e1e9a8733d68741a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Keywords Darrow, Kaposi Sarcoma, Opportunistic Infections, Lymphadenopathy Syndrome, immunodepression, CDC, specimen, patients, public health, outbreak, case-control study, 1979, 1980, homosexual, drug addicts, New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, American, Atlanta, Pneumocystis carinii, malaise, fever, lymphadenopathy, illness, T-cell, microbial, nitrite inhalants, CID, NIOSH, female heterosexual, CDC, intravenous drug, prostitutes, homosexual women, virologists, venereally, hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus,, viremic, demonstrably, subpopulation, unscreened, unsanitary, infectious human blood, semen, blood, stool, methods, physician, aliquots, serum pool, tumor biopsy, lymph node, Host Factors Division, EM examination, tumor line, viral isolations, Morens, Table, Test, Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LYMPHADENOPATHY INVESTIGATION: Proposal Description An account of the resource A Proposal for Lymphadenopathy Investigation of Kaposi's Sarcoma/Opportunistic Infections and "Lymphadenopathy Syndrome" patients to search for a hypothesized microbial agent causing immunodepression. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bill Darrow Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/7b53fea76ae01de113e438471a25a656.jpg 0c906b00c8cf42fc2f9b3e5d78e77b18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 879 Title A name given to the resource LYMPHOADENOPATHY IN HIV-1 INFECTION Description An account of the resource Histopathology of lymphadenopathy due to infection by HIV-1. Low-power view shows complete loss of germinal centers and partial effacement of architecture signalling imminent progression of HIV disease to AIDS in this patient. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CDC/ Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Public Health Image Library https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/39ed46c91bdb1476732b08e5f2e4c3e6.JPG 32687499f0714d9ee0066f9c36569ca1 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e0f226bf37f678c446589add4fd0fc1e.pdf 0f1d2df5de2ded7fa0b2ae8b01ef0733 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> This is an interview with Jeannie Lythcott on July 17, 2006, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, about her experience and involvement with the West African Smallpox Eradication Project. The interview is being conducted as a part of a reunion marking the 40th anniversary of the launch of the program. The interviewer is David Sencer. Sencer: Jeannie, do you want to tell me a little bit about your early years? Where were you born, what were your parents like? Lythcott: I was born in Leeds, in Yorkshire, England, and I was born in Leeds because my mom had to go to the hospital. I was the only 1 of her 5 children who had to be delivered in a hospital. We grew up in a little village called Rye Hill, partway between Leeds and Sheffield, a coal-mining town. My dad was the only child of coal miners, and he won a scholarship to go to the local grammar school, but his parents wouldn't pay the fee-what would be maybe a dollar, now-to go to that school. And so he was down in the mine at 14. He took himself to night school. He was drafted in World War II. He got in the Royal Signals Corps, and when he got home, he went to college on a program for servicemen. He became a science teacher and grew to become the headmaster of the only school in which he taught. So education for Dad was absolutely prime. Mom had gone to the local high school, and so they were both incredibly bright folks, and with 5 children. I was born in 1939, at the beginning of World War II, and some of my earliest memories are about gas masks and being evacuated. You know, bombs were dropped on Leeds. I grew up speaking Yorkshire, and our teachers spent a good 12 years trying to have us approximate the Queen 's English. This is how Yorkshire sounds. I'm going to give you a Yorkshire toast: [toast in Yorkshire, which Dr. Sencer can't understand] About 6% of students went to university in those days. I applied for and was accepted to Majesty University. Because our family was so poor, I got a scholarship from the government as a result of the 1944 Education Act. The government paid every penny for me-bus fare from home, food, everything-to go to university. If that had not been the case, I couldn't have gone. I taught in England for a couple of years and then decided that I wanted to go around the world, knowing somehow that my experience of education was limited by the British system. So my thought was that I would teach in former British colonies, where some things would be recognizable. And at that time, David, I was going to end up this grand tour of the globe in America, that being the far end of the spectrum. And after that, I was going to go home and become headmistress of a school for girls. I began in Ghana. I arrived in August of 1962. George Lythcott and his 4 teenage children, ages 12 to16, had arrived in Accra with an American team the month before I got there. He was there as Deputy Director of a medical research team to help Ghana build a national health institute manned by Ghanaian scientists and molded after NIH [National Institutes of Health]. We lived very close to each other. I met the family on September 9, about a month after I arrived, and we became very, very close very quickly. It's amazing. George had to go back to the United States in October or November of that year. Three of the children, Ruthie, George, and Mike, were in boarding school in Achimota, so they would be taken care of while he was gone. The youngest one, Steven, was going to a day school, an American international school. So I went to see George the night before he was to leave for 9 weeks to go back to the United States. His household goods hadn't yet arrived from America. We were relative strangers, you understand. I sat there in his house helping him to pack his bag, and he kept giving me money. He gave me 3 blank, signed checks just in case anything happened to his children. I mean, his trust in me from the start, it was amazing when I think about it. And so we worked side by side. I was there to teach physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to girls who were given a scholarship. They were bypassing secondary school and being prepared for a degree nursing program, which was unusual in 1962. So that's what I was doing there, and continued to do, until December 1965. Kwame Nkrumah [the first Prime Minister of Ghana] had fallen into disfavor with the American government, and as a result of some of the things that had happened, the United States decided to pull out most of George's team. There were 22 scientists of different disciplines there. The United States decided to pull most of them out as a political statement, but the Ghanaian scientist with whom they'd been working made a plea to the American Ambassador at the time to say, "Can't we keep a scientist-to-scientist relationship?" And so George stayed with 1 technician. But I had upset the Ghanese government, so my contract was not renewed in 1965. Sencer: How did you upset them? Lythcott: In the summer of '65, those who taught in this pre-nursing program said that, for the first time, they were willing to leave as a group (they were very close friends) to go on vacation because they felt that they could leave the college in my hands. We were on vacation, and they felt that they could leave the administrative details to me and they would come back at the beginning of school. Around this time, we had administered an entrance exam to over 2,000 girls from all over Ghana. We had announced in the newspaper when the exam would be given and when we would announce the results. And those results were to be given on a specific date, maybe September 28 or something. While the women were gone, the Minister of Education in the government called up the college and wanted to know whether his niece had been accepted for the pre-nursing program. And so my reply was that the exams had been scored, but we hadn't done the final analysis, and as we had reported in the paper, all of the results would be available at the same time to the public on September 28. I had the good sense to write that in a letter to the director of the college. But he didn't like what I'd done; he just didn't like it. But I stood my ground. So I wasn't expelled from the country, but my contract wasn't renewed. I'm not sure of the details of how this happened, but I ended up working for NIH in Ghana for 6 months on the Burkett's tumor project. I was responsible for getting the tissue samples, getting the osmium tetroxide, and we did 2 other lab manifuplations and then. I hand-carried the samples in dry ice to a plane at midnight to get to Washington, D.C. So that was my last 6 months in Ghana. And then, in November or December of '65, George met D. A. [Donald A. Henderson] in New York somewhere, and they'd talked about the smallpox program. So, in January and February, I think, he was roaming around the 20 countries to be in the eradication effort, getting the agreements signed. We got married in Ghana on January 17, 1966, in an incredible ceremony. So there I was. George headed off to get these agreements signed. We came back to Atlanta in that summer to help get the team oriented to Africa.. So those are my beginnings. Let me tell you 1 other thing. It relates to where I am now. When I was at the University of Manchester, I had applied, on the basis of recommendation from my professor, for a Ph.D. program in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. There was an interesting morphological problem. There was a weed in the prairies; when you pulled up a plant, if you left any little piece of root, each root had the possibility of making a whole new plant. So the weed was noxious from that point of view. They wanted somebody to study that plant from a morphological perspective. So I got the scholarship. It paid for everything, but I couldn't afford to get there. The professor said he made every effort to try to get me there and found a scholarship from the Dreyfus Company, $1,600, $1,700, something like that. It was a scholarship for post-university work at any college or university in our dominions or colonies, but it stipulated that it was for a male student. And they said they were so happy if somebody would try to change it, but it would take them 5 years. So I went into teaching. Sencer: You got married instead. Lythcott: Yes. I met George. That derailed my whole plan. Yes. Sencer: You came here in '66 for the training course? Lythcott: Yes, yes. Sencer: Was this your first experience in the States? Lythcott: No. My first time in the United States was 1968. We'd been married in '66, and I was still a British citizen. We found out that when an American official was part of the diplomatic corps, marries an alien overseas, and is returning to post overseas, that the residency requirement for US citizenship is waived, which makes good sense. Also, you can be naturalized in any court that's meeting. So in 1968, I took all of the steps to come in on an immigration visa. I had studied up the kazoo. We found out that the federal court was meeting in Washington, D.C. I was in New York, pregnant, so I went up for the day to Washington, D.C. to take this exam. I took the oath, in a very moving ceremony. It came time for the exam. Well, I had studied. This judge sat there, and he said, "How many arms of government?" "What do we call this form of government?" Then the next question was, "So tell me what you know about the Executive Branch." And in all seriousness, I said to him, "You mean everything I know?" And he looked at me, over the top of his glasses, and he said, "Well, why don't you just start, and I'll tell you when to stop." Well, I started, and I had this down. It was like unpacking the files from memory, you know, and so on and so on I went. He didn't ask me another single question. It was amazing. Sencer: So, in the smallpox program when you went back after '66, George had traveled around getting the agreements signed. Lythcott: Right. Sencer: And then what happened? Lythcott: Most of the agreements were signed, but not all, when we came back for the training program here in 1966. Nigeria was still the very difficult one. And if I recall, 50% of the population was in Nigeria, and I don't know if 50% of the smallpox cases were there also, but without Nigeria, this program made no good sense. Back then, CDC had a program in Atlanta for the families while the guys were going through their training. There were some cultural events for children. So George went off for a week to Nigeria to get the agreement signed. But when he got there, all of these hostilities between the north and the east had just erupted, and nobody, but nobody, was interested in thinking about a smallpox eradication-measles control program. So it is my understanding that he did everything that he could. And people would check in with him. It wasn't easy to make long-distance calls back in those days. You could hear the ocean, I think, in the background. You had to book your call 3 hours ahead of time. And so, when we knew a call had been booked, I would actually be in the hallway, waiting. D. A. and Billy and various people would be there, and I'd just wait in the hall outside for messages. George was an incredibly social person; he had people skills up the kazoo. It's funny, because at the same time, he was also very much of a homebody and a loner. He would say often things like, "I don't care about anything else, just as long as I've got you and my baby at home." But when he was out there, he had people skills up the kazoo. And people found themselves talking to him easily. He adored women, and women adored him. From his days in Ghana, he knew about the underworld, you know, those CIA [Central Intelligence Agency] spies, and so on. Actually, the CIA tried to recruit George, and George came home and told me about all of it. But he told some of the things that they knew about him and about me, and I said, "I don't think you need to be a part of that." So he gave it up, although it would have meant a whole lot of money, which would have been helpful with 4 children. But he was used to that, sort of thinking, where messages can be passed back and forth that can ameliorate situations before they erupt. He was used to that sort of level of conversation. So George was at a cocktail party in Lagos He'd been there about 6 or 7 weeks. And nobody knew much about the new young leader of Nigeria, General Yakubu Gowan. As president of the federation, he was in the middle of Yoruba country, but he was from the Jos Plateau. So he didn't have his own people, his own tribe, around him. So it must have been very tenuous for him in the beginning. And so it was hard for George to find connections with him because there weren't many in that milieu. So George was at this party, chitchatting with the wife of one of the Yoruba diplomats there whom he'd come to know. And George said to this lady-it was very serendipitous-"He's such a handsome young man. And he's not married, I hope. This is the army," some conversation like this. And the woman leaned over and she said, "Oh, no, he has a girlfriend." And so it was through that contact that George then arranged an introduction with. the girlfriend [I believe mistress would be a more apt term. djs] And so George told the young woman about the smallpox program, what it would mean to children in all the 20 countries, and that if Nigeria didn't sign, there would be no program. He gave her that understanding, and she went to the President the next day, and there it was the signed agreement.. Yeah. Sencer: As you say, he had people skills. Lythcott: Oh, he did, he did. Sencer: Did you do much traveling with George, or were you a homebody? Lythcott: I did some, but not much. Once the civil war erupted, we were told by the American government that they were not requiring dependents to leave but that if we left, we couldn't come back. So I actually did very little traveling. I went to Abidjan, to that meeting. And then little Julie was born in November of 1967. Sencer: Where was she born? Lythcott: In Lagos, Nigeria. Sencer: Which hospital? Lythcott: It was a Nigerian hospital on the mainland. She was delivered by midwives at the hospital. George brought my mother from England to visit us, so she came for about 3 weeks, the first and only time she ever flew in an airplane. So, of necessity, we were home. Sencer: You want to tell us some of George's printable exploits? Lythcott: One that I didn't tell the other night was about Colonel Labusquiere leader of OCEAC [Organization de Coordination pur la Lutte contre Endemies d'Afrique Central]; he was a formidable character. As I remember it, he wasn't at all persuaded that the Americans had any role in the OCEAC countries; he thought that the French were doing just fine, thank you very much. In the case of smallpox, I think he was absolutely right, but measles control was something he would gladly give up. But as George used to describe him, the Colonel was just puffed up with national pride. Any notions that Americans were going to be coming to help them were just impossible. So we were in Lagos, and we got a call that Colonel Labusquiere, his wife, and his mother, who was traveling with them from France to visit them in Cameroon (I think that's where they lived), were going to have to lay over in Lagos, Nigeria, because there was something wrong. They couldn't fly all the way. I don't know what it was. But they were arriving in Lagos, and of course they would stay with us. And I was in a panic now. What are we going to do? So we've got Labusquiere, this formidable character. As far as I knew, he spoke very little English. And his mother was coming too. Sencer: Right. Lythcott: So I put the word out among the wives of those who worked in the regional office-Bonnie Flanders [Bonnie Jean Flanders], Ilze [Ilze Henderson], and Dotty Hicks [Dorothy Hicks] and so on-that if anybody, anywhere, had any French literature-magazines, books, anything-that I could at least put in their rooms, to let me know. One of them came up with a magazine, and I got the guestrooms ready. And you know how they did things in 1966. So I put the magazine down on the bedside table for the mother, and just flipped it open to a page, and placed it next to a little vase of flowers. It turns out the page depicted a vineyard, and this was their property. So completely serendipitous! There it was. The next morning, the mother said, "How did you know?" So they come, we're struggling through, in French. You know, the astonishing thing about George was that he didn't speak other languages, at least not at this point. He would have a few words here and there, but that was a tribute to his people skills as well. It was all eye contact and body language. Anyway, we're struggling through dinner. I think Ilze and Rafe [Ralph H. Henderson] came. I was struggling with my French. I hadn't used it in a long, long time, but it seemed to be okay. And we were getting through. It was a kind of a nice occasion. So the next morning, at breakfast, we got up. I mentioned that I hoped that they had spent a pleasant night, and so on. And all of a sudden the colonel begins speaking in English that is much better than my French. That old son-of-a-gun. Sencer: Yeah. Lythcott: And so he said that it had been a wonderful visit, and he said the first thing that he needed to do was to toast George because in one 24-hour period, this man had caused his mother and his wife to fall in love.. And that's when the conversation about the vineyards came up. He thanked us for the evening and how they appreciated us trying to put this together. And George always thought that was a turning point in that relationship. You have all of the other stories about the passports and things, I'm sure. Sencer: Well, we don't have them in your words. Actually, I don't think those were recorded the other night, about filling in his passport. Lythcott: George was traveling with Jay Friedman [Jay S. Friedman]. I think they were trying to go into Abidjan. George realized, as he's going up to passport control, that this [unclear]. "I still have these passports. Maybe I should send those to CDC. That would be fun, wouldn't it?" with all the extra pages stuck in, and so on and so on. And so he looked and found that his visa had expired the day before. What was he going to do? Somebody else goes through, and then George comes along. The passport officer was a young woman. So George said to her, in his own inimitable style, "Hello, honey. How are you doing? May I borrow your pen?" And so she said, "Here's one." So she took out a pen, gave it to George, and on the desk right in front of her, he drew around the outside edge of the visa and changed the date. So the date was, I don't know, tomorrow. So if it said the 17th, he changed it to the 19th or something, right there. And he gave her his passport, returned her pen, and she said, "Fine, thank you very much. Have a good day, big boy." Another time I think he just ripped out the old page of his passport with the old visas that were attached and put it in his passport. And then there was the time, it was Julie's first birthday, so November 28, 1968, George had been at a conference with a whole lot of other people in Congo Brazzaville. I'm not sure why, but George didn't get on the plane to come to Lagos as we had thought. But he had let me know that he had invited 3 Russian physicians to Thanksgiving at our house. This was a big deal because George cooked the turkey. George could cook like you wouldn't believe. He put it on a spit on the grill outside. And I was allowed nowhere near this machine. So I expecting George home, and he didn't come, and about 10 o'clock in the morning, the 3 Russian physicians arrived. And I'm panicking a little bit. I have the turkey all dressed, it's all ready to go, but I haven't heard from George. It's Julie's first birthday. I knew he was going to be there if he could. And nobody seemed to know what had happened to him. Finally, about noon, totally unexpectedly, George breezed in through the front door, dropped his suitcase and his coat, and went right into the kitchen and said, "Is the turkey ready?" and I said, "Yes." And so I followed behind him, and he said, "Did the Russians come?" I said, "Yes, they're outside by the pool." And he said, "Oh, by the way, your brother said to say hello." My brothers are both in England. It made no sense to me. But later, as I got the story, he had persuaded the people in Congo Brazzaville that he absolutely had to get to Lagos, Nigeria, he just had to. And so they entered into this whole problem-solving with him. You know, that was the art, that he got people to problem-solve with him. So they said, "Well, we can't get you to Lagos, but we can get you to Rome, and maybe you can get home from Rome." Know this. This was all on the ticket from Congo Brazzaville to Lagos, so there was no extra charge or anything involved here. And so he got to Rome, and the same spiel, and he tells a story and, of course, he's been talking to the stewardesses on the plane. It's like he's got the whole world looking out for him. They sent him to London in time to get the flight-BOAC, I think it was-from London to Nigeria. While he was in London, he called my brother. Oh, man. Sencer: What were some of your high points in Africa, besides having Julie? Lythcott: Well, that was definitely the high point. I think the only big conference that I knew about was the one that we had in '69 in Lagos. It must have been in the spring. Most of the photographs that I sent are from that conference. I remember 2 things about that conference. One is that George was bound and determined to have a diplomatic coup, which was that all of these contiguous countries would finally agree that a smallpox outbreak could be attended to by the smallpox vaccination team that was closest to the site, regardless of which side of the border the team was on. And this was huge. So that from Nigeria, you could go into Niger, and vice versa, for the purpose of containing smallpox. And they reached that agreement at that meeting. So that was a high point for George. The other thing was that George had arranged-he was so proud of this-for a sophisticated method of simultaneous translation. Translators were sent in from Geneva, and they were set up in little booths. But, of course, it was dependent on the electricity working, and West Africa being West Africa at the time, electricity working was not something that you could count on. So George had requested that the translators be able to move into consecutive translation as well. Well, that's what happened. The electricity went out. And I have this fabulous memory of these translations, which were really improvisational performances. When the translator was translating from the French into English, the shoulders would go back and be squared, the neck would be buttoned up, elbows tucked in, and the correct accent. And then the same guy, when translating from English to French, would tousle his hair, undo his shirt, and he'd be scratching and all kinds of things. It was an absolutely wonderful performance. I sought them out afterwards at the cocktail party, and they said what a joy it was for them to go back to this old skill that they used to have but didn't get to use anymore. Sencer: Was one of them mustached? Lythcott: Definitely. The other was a young woman who was on one of those photographs. I remembered her name: Eleanor Trench I think one of them may have been in that photograph. Sencer: The mustached one was one of the WHO's [World Health Organization] translators, and he was just magnificent, just magnificent. Lythcott: It must have been him. Sencer: As you said, he would fall right into whichever language he was working in. He was great. Why do you think things worked so well in Africa, or worked as well as they did? Lythcott: You know, that's a complicated question. But I was thinking about Bill Foege's presentation, the final one at the seminar the other day. Bill's thought was that nobody really believed that they could pull it off. There may have been an exception because I know George believed it. He came back from meeting with D. A., and he didn't say, "We're going to try to eradicate smallpox." He said, "We're going to eradicate smallpox," you know-and control measles. The question for him was not whether it could be done. It was just, how in the world are we going to get it done? So he believed it. I don't know who did the interviewing, but given the issues of racism and lack of cultural sensitivity in our nation at that time, the selection of those young folks was amazing. But it also may have been their youth. Because they were very young, you know. When you're 23, 24, 28 years old and if you're smart, you do believe you can do anything. I thought I could run any school in the world better than anybody else who was doing it at that time. Sencer: You probably could. Lythcott: Yeah. So it's that chutzpah of youth. But I think the fact that there was a very small American presence in each country was a fabulous decision. I think if there'd been 10 CDCers per country, they would have coalesced into a tight little team, whereas being only 1 or 2, they trained their counterparts and worked with them; that was critical to this process. But because there was usually only 1 in every country and the medical officer covered several countries, there was a sense that you were not entirely isolated. And that's why George traveled 70% of the time. I calculated it. He was gone from Lagos 70% of the time. He needed to do that. He needed to have them know that somebody was on the ground caring about things. And, you know, he did a lot of caring for families. . So I think it was that. So there was the animus of can-do. I think the other thing was that there was probably a little of that rambunctious devilry in all of these young people- sort of an obstinacy that, if you hit a wall, it wasn't going to get you down. It was just something to get over. I think there was that. Clearly, for the team from the United States, that link, also incredibly tenuous-you know, how long it took to make an overnight call; you sent telegrams, and relied on a way of communicating that seems so old when we compare it to today's world-but that link, tenuous as it was, was also incredibly strong. I don't think for a minute that George ever thought that there was anyone back in the United States that would say no, would say we can't do it. It was that can-do spirit again. And you have to give credit truly to the country nationals also. It wouldn't have worked if they hadn't wanted it to work. There were more ways than we could ever invent in our culture for not getting it done in West Africa. Do you remember when Rafe and somebody went to the subcontinent to try to help WHO get that off the ground? I think they were there for about 3 weeks for an initial conversation with the Ministry of Health. So for 3 weeks, they'd met with the Minister of Health. He had been very courteous, very engaging. They'd had wonderful conversations. But there wasn't anything happening, nothing! And it was about time for them to come home. They had reached a level of maximum frustration, so they requested a meeting with him. And he said, "Welcome, and good journey home" and so on. And they said, "Before we go, we need to tell you how frustrating this is. We thought we might be able to go home and report that something had been done." And he said- and this is the line, the actual quote-"What would you do if a friend, as a gift, gave you an elephant? We can't cope with that big thing!" So the country nationals, they could have found ways to not get it done, to not enter into the problem-solving. And you have to believe that it was because they knew what a gift it was to keep children well. Sencer: I'm now giving editorial comment. So many of the people that went from the United States had worked in state health departments, where they saw their job not to be the leader, but to get behind the leader and gently push: Let's get this done; let's get this done. And I think a lot of that was part of the success in Africa, that they recognized the primacy of the native leaders. Lythcott: Yes. Sencer: And recognized that there were ways to get them to move. Lythcott: Mm-hmm, yeah. Sencer: I notice you're wearing a bracelet. Lythcott: Yes. Sencer: Tell me about it. Lythcott: I will. One of the extraordinary things about that time, which is evident for all of us who came this weekend, is that it was a short time in our lives. I'm 67 years old. The smallpox program was 3 years; Ghana, before that, lasted 4 years. Seven years is a very small part of a lifetime, but it was life-changing. We all learned things. We all learned a way of being there. We weren't there as art collectors; we weren't there out of curiosity. We were there as national, you know, the old National Geographic notion of, will there be curiosities? Jim Lewis [James O. Lewis] was telling a story on Saturday night about how the truck he was in had driven into this pond or this mud in the road, and the driver had assured them that they would get out. They were knee-deep in mud. People just turned up on bicycles and helped them get this truck out of the mud and refused payment and seemed offended to having even been offered it. And Jim said that since then, he always stops to help on the roadside. So, my point being that we all have remembrances of that. So, I've put on umpteen numbers of pounds, so I can't wear my African clothing anymore. I just have 1 dress that I can wear. But I wear it often. When I put it on, it puts me back in that part of the world. So the other day I was co-teaching a course with a professor friend of mine at Stanford. He was delayed considerably. When he got there, he said he'd had trouble with his car on the way. I said, "Now I'm going to use an Africanism at Stanford." He had trouble with his car. And my immediate response was, "Oh, sorry." And he said, "Don't be sorry. It's not your fault." And I said, "It's the West African sorry," sorry that the world did this to you. Another memory, when Georgia died. In Nigeria, if they came to your office and you weren't there, there was this phrase, "I came and I met your absence." It's the notion that there's a presence of your absence as well as the absence of your presence. And they're not the same. Sencer: You mentioned life-changing.. How did it change your life? Lythcott: It taught me that I needed to revise my sense of my own country. I needed to give up this notion of glorious British history and acknowledge that some of British history was an inglorious thing. Nobody had taught me in England about our role in the slave trade, or that there even was one. I specialized in the sciences. I gave up studying history at Henry VII to specialize in the sciences. But I don't think that they taught that in British schools anyway. How the raj came to be is an incredibly important issue. I had to reshape how I walked on planet Earth. So I think that that made me, as a human being, open to the difficulty of understanding cross-cultures and being with cross-cultures. One of the things that we talk about in academia is this notion of white privilege and how hard it is when you are in the position of privilege, which is almost always tacit. You just don't know yourself well enough to be think across cultures. So I think it did that for me. And the experience taught me the role of sharing, of not holding onto objects too hard, of the extended family, of what you have you have to share, and that kind of thing. And so, in lots of ways, George and I became who we were as a result of being in Africa. So I just wanted to say that now, Julie, our daughter, and her husband and her 2 children, and I pooled our resources and we bought a house together in Palo Alto. We never could have done it on our own resources. So we're living together under the same roof, a situation fraught with potential dangers, you know, the old mother-daughter thing, your mother-in-law. And we said at the outset that we knew it was going to be difficult and that we wouldn't hide it under the table. We'd make sure that we put it on top. It's been such an incredible journey for Julie and I. Julie is all set to write a book about it. One of the incredible things about George was that he never stopped living. He changed his mind on some really big things as an older person, as a 60-odd-year-old, as a 72-year- old. It's quite astonishing, you know. But I think once you've been in a situation where your whole world, the things that you're sure about, have to be totally examined, you can see yourself whole and confident and competent, having gone through that change. Sencer: Yes. What's Julie doing now? Lythcott: Julie is dean of freshmen at Stanford, and just newly promoted to associate vice-provost. She just completed her 4th year, and they absolutely adore her. Every year they've changed her role and brought her more into the centrality of what's happening at the university. This year, one of the things she initiated was that the incoming freshmen would read 3 books, or they could choose 1 of 3. Stanford will have the authors there, during orientation, so that there will be a conversation between the authors and the freshmen. They chose books on Afghanistan, Haiti, and a collection of short stories about mothers and daughters. Sencer: Carrying On the Tradition. Lythcott: Carrying On the Tradition. That's exactly right. She has George's oratorical skills, and she has George's charisma. You know, I saw George walk into a typical West African cocktail party (that's how people there spent their evenings), into a gathering of 80 people, and the room changed when he walked in. He had that power. Julie has that power too. Sencer: I'll tell you a story about George. We were in Mali and going out to the Dogon country. This was at the time of the 25th millionth vaccination. And we stopped at a little rest house way out in the middle of nowhere. At that time, Mali was very Chinese dominated. We walked in to the rest house. George was in a big orange jumpsuit. There were 3 Chinese in there, and they came over to him thinking him to be Malian, and George said, "Howdy, brothers!" And those Chinese turned tail and left, realizing he was an American. Lythcott: Oh, man! Yeah. George was with the first team that went into China after Nixon went. And then he went a second time. The second time, he was walking on the Great Wall of China, and he heard someone call out behind him, "George Lythcott?" Can't help Can I just tell you how D.A. looked after us in Atlanta? Sencer: Please. Lythcott: We were living in a motel, and D. A. was persuaded that trouble was brewing in the motel. We were breaking the segregation laws in several states at that time. I know that. And so he moved us for the duration to the apartment of at Unitarian minister. And then, while we were still here, George had to go to Washington for some reason, I'm not sure why. We were newly married that year, and I had hardly seen George. You know, he'd been roaming around West and Central Africa since we got married. Three days after we got married, he left. And then he was gone for 9 weeks in the summer. So George said, "I want you to come with me." The idea was that we would go on the overnight train from Atlanta to Washington, getting into the Washington on the sleeper train at 6:30 in the morning. But D. A. was very worried about us, as was George. So they got the plan together, which was that both George and D. A-and I don't know how tall D. A. is, about 6'; George was 6'2½"-with their raincoats on, unbuttoned, would get to the railroad station, with me, and then we would walk fast. I'm 5'½" tall. Their raincoats would flap open, and I would be hidden behind these raincoat flaps, and they would hustle me on the train. And that's what they did. And all was well. And then the last thing involved the chairman of the department in Oklahoma. He had come from Mississippi and had been told at his interview, "We have a black American on the faculty. How do you feel about it?"And the man had said, "Oh, just fine, just fine." And then a week or 2 after he became department chair, he called George in and said, "You need to know that I can't have anyone on my faculty whom I can't invite home to dinner." Later, that same guy applied for a position to Johns Hopkins. All we knew was George got a brown paper envelope. In it was a letter of application from this guy, and D. A.'s response on a little office memo. D. A. just wrote on it, "Turn of the screw." So D. A. looked after us in really important ways. Sencer: Yes. Well, thank you for talking. Lythcott: Oh, you're welcome. Sencer: And we'll sign off now at 10:25. Thank you very much. Lythcott: Thank you. # # # </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310129775%3Fsecret_token%3Ds-3IgEq&amp;color=ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource sound recording - nonmusical interviews Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-16 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/158q3 emory:158q3 Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO CDC Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 585786768 bytes audio/x-aiff Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sencer, David (Interviewer); CDC; Former Director of CDC Lythcott, Jeannie (Interviewee); CDC; Wife of Regional Director Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource LYTHCOTT, JEAN Description An account of the resource Jeannie Lythcott, widow of George Lythcott, who was the Director of the West African Regional Office of the Smallpox Eradication Program in Lagos Nigeria from 1966-69. Jeannie, originally from England, tells how she came to work in Ghana and met and married George. She narrates some of her husband's escapades working for the Smallpox Eradication Program and how it changed her life. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/ce6d71399b1e10ce650ec61378c45bd7.JPG 7bbc831d39115f236f81f7669eebe8cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eb0dpkGa8ds" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource presentations (communicative events) motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15mtj emory:15mtj Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO Reunion Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 3560520000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lythcott, Jeannie (Speaker) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource LYTHCOTT: GEORGE LYTHCOTT Description An account of the resource Jeannie Lythcott, widow of Dr. George Lythcott, the Chief of the West African operations, describes escapades and accomplishments of her husband. Jeannie also speaks feelingly of the issues of mixed marriage, the American in Africa, and the difficulties of being black in the United Sates. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/2c6fb3841eba06514830b5afa9ab4e7c.jpg b5827d1853179cc0066bca6e00375bc6 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/f421a75005a3047326938af9b1370218.pdf b92bbc1092439c0b5f12d28f0f22136f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZXXH576_UWw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MACK, THOMAS M. Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource Dr. Tom Mack discusses epidemiologic observations in Africa and Pakistan. Tom had not been part of the formal Smallpox Eradication Program team but has researched areas of smallpox epidemiology. Interviewed by Melissa McSwegin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 2008 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Smallpox Workers (2008 : Atlanta, Georgia) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8188560000 bytes video/x-dv Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource moving image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16s23 emory:16s23 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/d28d93a839d871692d154ba55d6cddaf.pdf 706e6b4fa37ae8d0faa8d8bcd983d251 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/5f31870ba1d83f57cc7b31fd68c3e054.png cfa80f3ade26073cf9850a1f139c0202 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MAHONEY, FRANK Description An account of the resource Dr. Frank J. Mahoney, CDC assignee to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies focusing on immunizations, provides some personal background and then describes his engagement with CDC's 2014-16 Ebola response. Dr. Mahoney served as CDC team lead in Nigeria in July and August 2014, deputy lead in Liberia from August to November 2014, and lead in Liberia from January to March of 2015. In between deployments, he served as a liaison to the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 3, 2016 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/65cd2f4c90772df204024306073d057f.pdf f1858db045696bb52d43dc65dad3fea0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MAILING PROCEDURE Description An account of the resource Inventory of materials in a kit including the procedure for sending tissue samples to CDC for investigation of KS/OI Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ~1981-1982 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/84e5ef1689f8e7e0d5bb84f90a5db86d.jpg 608ce12ecc6d52d27d129b6089b72caa https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/53bcbee2ec3bb3d6c04a8a75ffdc309e.pdf 215556fa7b83eeb0a8ccb727b5bdb822 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=DeborahMalacXML.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MALAC, DEBORAH Description An account of the resource Deborah R. Malac, US Ambassador to Uganda and former US Ambassador to Liberia, provides some personal background and then describes her experiences in Liberia during the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic. Her interface with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a particular focus. A PDF OF THIS INTERVIEW CAN BE FOUND AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 15, 2017 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/a2cb135372b6e83006573f42a57e6bfd.JPG 7d7ba8c8c79df5340280fb70b0ec546b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :32:00 Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bx0Axjo88T0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MALARIA CONTROL Description An account of the resource Malaria Control in the Kentucky Reservoir Chapter II: Reservoir Preparations. A documentary film photographed during the preparation of the Reservoir. Color TRT 32:00 Presented by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the U. S. Public Health Service. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived U. S. National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, Images and Archives Section at the National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 www.collections.nlm.nih.gov Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2011.242.mp4 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/78145646821853508037e341868b3e39.JPG 94ef9c515fe5f4cc3a6f5d788e6cfcd9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 8:17 Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/330WIuY2LuI" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MALARIA CONTROL IN WAR AREAS Description An account of the resource MCWA 1942-1946 Predecessor to CDC. The people and work accomplished during 1942-1946, by the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) and the U. S. Public Health Service. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2011.59.mp4 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/b8d9394e97da11ebbad688831757c703.jpg 5acb1dc488a9ef66836fa5a59de41898 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 640 IPTC Array a:1:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:10:"adr studio";} IPTC String copyright_notice:adr studio Width 936 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MALARIA MEETING – 1951 Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of a meeting conducted in Asilomar California. Mr. Clyde Fehn assisted in conducting and organizing. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2011.014.23.jpg https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/9a28665edb32da1e86bcbba098f7c788.jpg 7eb6b9f95ef3f1e10f4c59fa13ac3fc1 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 5280 Width 3522 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource photographs digital images still image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-1970 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15b3t emory:15b3t Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO CDC Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 6689889 bytes image/jpeg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charter, Russ (Photographer); CDC Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Reunion of West and Central African Smallpox workers (CDC, 2006) Title A name given to the resource MALARIA SCREENING – Chad Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a vaccination team member screening for malaria by checking the size of a child’s spleen in Chad. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content