87 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/34d0cd984221abaaa8211e24f47b7a5f.JPG 09b01cded5d329e2083af66c7e62c4ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <div style="padding:100% 0 0 0;width:100%;"><iframe style="width:100%;height:1600px;" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673?embed=true" frameborder="0"></iframe></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LANGMUIR, ALEXANDER D. Description An account of the resource <p><strong><em>Leaders in American Medicine: Dr. Alexander D. Langmuir </em></strong>Interviewed by Dr. Donald A. Henderson. A National Medical Audiovisual Center Production in cooperation with Alpha Omega Alpha. Atlanta, Georgia</p> <p>Dr. Alex Langmuir began by sharing that his sources of inspiration for Public Health were Margaret Sanger and Dr. George Bigelow at Harvard.  After Cornell Medical School, he enjoyed a formative internship at Boston City Hospital, trained with the NYS Health Department, and earned an MPH at Hopkins. He believed his notoriety from identifying polio in New York led him to the Respiratory Diseases Commission Laboratory.  However, he was confident that the Communicable Disease Center (CDC) offered more promising opportunities and was easily recruited.  At the CDC, he eagerly reshaped the malaria eradication program into Malarial Appraisal &amp; Surveillance Teams.  Never shying from controversy, he fought the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for rights to epidemics, indicated that Gamma globulin was of little practical value, and identified Cutter Laboratories as the source of polio vaccine problems.  He also discussed salmonella outbreaks, immunization and state services, hospital infection and diarrheal disease programs, the Mortality, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report(MMWR), and avian flu.  He briefly spoke of EIS officers, trainings, and conferences.</p> <p><strong>KEY WORDS:</strong> Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), surveillance, National Medical Audiovisual Center, Alpha Omega Alpha, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Medical Audiovisual Center, Harvard, Cornell, Boston City Hospital, New York State Health Department, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, polio, Respiratory Diseases Commission Laboratory, Adenovirus 4, CDC, Malarial Appraisal and Surveillance Teams, Bronfman Prize, NIH, 1955 Cutter Incidence, oral polio vaccine, staphylococcus, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Immunization and State Services, leukemia, family planning, World Health Assembly, “Global Surveillance of Communicable Diseases”</p> <p><strong>KEY NAMES:</strong> Dr. Alexander D. Langmuir, Dr. Donald A. Henderson, James A. Campbell, Dr. Beatrice C. Seegal, Dr. David E. Seegal, Margaret Sanger, Dr. George H. Bigelow, Dr. Edward S. Godfrey Jr., Dr. Maxwell Finland, Dr. David D. Rutstein, Dr. Edward Rogers, Dr. Edward S. Godfrey, Dr. George H. Ramsey, Dr. Earnest L. Stebbins, Dr. Hollis S. Ingraham, Wade Hampton Frost, John H. Dingle, Dr. Justin M. Andrews, Dr. Joseph Mountin, Philip S. Brachman, Dr. Carl W. Tyler, Dr. Clark W. Heath Jr., Dr. Walsh McDermott, Charles “Mickey” LeMaistre, Dr. Karel Raska, Albert B. Sabin, John R. Paul, James Trask</p> <p><em>“As I looked it over and saw the vision, there was no question, Justin Andrews took me to the mountain and showed me the Promised Land and everything he said was there…the range of opportunity, the potential was perfectly obvious, and my considerable self-confidence, even though I was depressed at the academic situation, I had no trouble going.”</em> –Dr. Langmuir on being recruited to the CDC</p> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/2/1979 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2011.280.mp4 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/87e871d56cf894d07c8db98209caa7f2.jpg 3e50ab47a5b0bc1f41df5f5dcf36c959 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Polio Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LANGMUIR, WYSHAM, RAVENHOLT Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of Dr. Alexander D. Langmuir with EIS officers Dr. Donald N. Wysham (EIS 1955) and Dr. Reimert T. Ravenholt (EIS 1952). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 12th, 1956 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Dr. Reimert T. Ravenholt https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/448cff1fc20ab4239fee37331af8f8f3.jpg 755c2614d2744074a2b53d2c06302bb6 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/89b57463696a8505f3a85d0ca251c78f.pdf 1589db6e5ccc0fc03924b2795568d4f0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> This is an interview with Diane LaPointe about her activities in the West Africa Smallpox Eradication Project. The interview is being conducted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 14, 2006, as a part of the 40th reunion of the West African Smallpox Eradication Project, to mark the launch of the project. The interviewer is. NOVA: Would you take a few moments and just describe your early life-where you were born and your education? LaPointe: I was born in Portland, Maine, and I attended Cathedral High School, which is a Catholic girls' high school in Portland, Maine. LaPointe: I also went to college in Maine, at St. Joseph's College in Lake Sebago. After I graduated, I did 1 year of volunteer work in Camden, Arkansas, as a teacher for the extension lay volunteers and then returned to Portland. My husband, Mark, was in the Peace Corps for 2 years before that, and he also returned to Maine. We each did a year of teaching in Maine, and after that year, we were married and then came to CDC [Centers for Disease Control] right after our honeymoon. NOVA: How did Mark get involved in the Smallpox Eradication Program? LaPointe: He was teaching at Mechanic Falls High School in Mechanic Falls, Maine, and received a call from someone who was hiring for this program at CDC. I believe they were looking for people who had African experience and were able to speak French, and so his name was suggested by the director of the Peace Corps. Mark was hired over the phone. My, how things have changed, to be able to get hired over the phone. NOVA: Absolutely. So, tell me a little bit about what it was like. You're living in Africa, you're an expatriate, and it's a different country, a different culture. Talk a little bit about that. LaPointe: Well, I'd like to, if you don't mind, start with our coming here. NOVA: Okay. LaPointe: We married in June of 1966 and took our honeymoon. Mark had bought a little Volkswagen bug secondhand; it got 12 cents a mile. On the way down to Atlanta, our car broke down in North Carolina. So we put all of our belongings in a storage place in North Carolina-our belongings were in that Volkswagen bug-and took a bus down here. We left the car there to be repaired and came and stayed at a hotel in Atlanta. Mark would come over here to CDC to do his training, and I'd get on the local bus with the newspaper and sit behind the bus driver, looking for an apartment and telling him that we were going to be at CDC. He would tell me where to get off and point in certain directions. So we got a place on Briarcliff and started the smallpox training program here, which to me was one of the wonderful experiences that we've had, meeting all these people. We had intense French training, the [unclear] program, where you just saw the pictures and heard the people speak. You never saw a written word. That's how we were trained. A group came from France, and we did all the training here and met all the people who were going to be going to West Africa. We formed a real feeling of camaraderie with all of these people. NOVA: How long was the training? LaPointe: I believe it lasted throughout that summer and into the early fall. We spent all day with the French-speaking trainers, and sometimes in the evening, so we were really not supposed to be speaking English at all. It was very intense. It was wonderful. NOVA: So, how soon after the training did you move to Africa? LaPointe: We went back to Maine and got together some household items and we flew out probably in October or November of that same year to Libreville, Gabon, in West Africa. And I do remember an experience there right at the beginning. Mark would go off to the embassy and work with his colleagues there, with the AID [U.S. Agency for International Development] people. We didn't have a place to live yet, so we were at the local hotel. And this was my first attempt at using my French. So we would get up in the morning. Mark would go off to work, and I would go to the restaurant and ask for an orange juice in French, jus d'orange [sp.]. And I'd never get orange juice; I'd get grapefruit juice. So after a couple of days of that, Mark came back from work, and I was in tears. I said, "I can't speak, I can't even say orange juice in French. What am I going to do?" And so he went to breakfast with me the next morning and he asked for orange juice, and they brought him grapefruit juice. But he had the foresight to ask, "Why didn't you give me orange juice?" and it was because they didn't have any. So that kind of alleviated my concern about speaking French. NOVA: That's funny, that's funny. LaPointe: We had an apartment right on the ocean. I mean, for 2 young people, newly married, we had this wonderful apartment, completely furnished by the government, overlooking the water. It was very, very nice. I was pregnant at the time. I had become pregnant right away. So we began thinking about where I was going to have our first child. Speaking with the doctor there in Libreville, who was a Peace Corps volunteer doctor, we had thought about going to Lambaréné, which is Albert Schweitzer's hospital, but we were discouraged from doing that. They said they didn't feel there were adequate facilities in case of an emergency. So it was decided that I would go up to the Cameroons. We knew Arlan and Edith Rosenbloom, who were there. So I went up there in my 8th month. I flew up and spent my time with them and then went out to a hospital in Ebolowa, which was run by an American missionary group. I was flown there. It was a very small plane, a 2-seater in addition to the pilot. Beside me was an elderly Frenchman. Because this was out in the bush, they buzzed the hospital to tell them somebody was coming. And I guess I had a look on my face that looked as if I was going to pass out. The little Frenchman next to me said that he had candy with him and he tried to feed it to me so I wouldn't pass out. When the plane landed in a field, a nurse from the hospital came, with a cot, and I was picked up and taken to the hospital. I spent I'd say a week or 10 days there. There was another American woman there, too, who was from the Cameroons. We became friends, and we hung out with the nurses and the doctors and played Mah Jongg. Mark drove up from Gabon. It took him a while to get there, I guess, and he thought the baby would have been born by the time he got there. But when he arrived, she had not yet been born. So we took a walk around the campus of the hospital that day, and that evening our daughter Mary was born. NOVA: I hope your daughter appreciates the trouble you went through to get to a hospital to deliver. LaPointe: I think so. NOVA: What was it like raising your children there? LaPointe: Actually, it was very easy. We had help, which was something very new to me. We had a woman who would come every day and do our laundry and clean our house. I really took care of Mary pretty much myself, but that woman was there to help me. It was beautiful in Gabon. There were beaches there. So we spent a lot of time going to the beach and taking walks. Gabon was very French. It was a former French colony, and there was still a large French presence there. So I didn't get the feel that I got later, when we went to Mali, of that African experience of the marketplace, because it was all French shops. We developed a wonderful relationship with a French family that lived upstairs from us. The woman took me under her wing. She'd take me shopping. And her 2 daughters loved my baby. So we did a lot together as family. The thing I remember most is that all of those relationships you made took the place of family-although they certainly couldn't replace them. But they helped with that feeling of loss of family. They became your family. NOVA: How long were you there? LaPointe: We were in Gabon probably about 2 years, and then we were assigned to Mali, to Bamako. NOVA: And there was a big difference between the 2 places? LaPointe: Absolutely, yes. Gabon was, as I said, very French, and located on the water. Mali was inland, on the Niger. But the culture was so rich that I didn't miss the ocean-I had thought I would. But I got so engrossed in the culture of the people. That was a real experience. That was really going to Africa for me. The people were wonderful. Our second daughter was born. I went back to the States to have her. We had the Rh-negative/-positive situation, so I went back to Maine and then came back with Michelle. In Mali, we lived in a little compound. There were maybe 5 houses, all young American couples, people with the embassy who lived in our area there. And, again, we had help. We had a woman who would come in. She liked to take the children and go off. I didn't really like that because I wanted to spend my time with them. But she felt that was her job. But I enjoyed going to the market; I learned a bit of the language, the Bamber [phonetic] language. I liked to go and bargain with the women at the market. We had to be careful about boiling our water, and filtering it, as well as washing and soaking all our vegetables. And if you hung your clothes out to dry, flies would leave their eggs on your clothes. They could get into your skin, so everything had to be ironed. But I just had a wonderful experience because I was very young. NOVA: What was your toughest problem that you faced while you were there? LaPointe: Sometimes Mark would be gone for long periods of time. He couldn't stay in the capital all the time; he had to go out and do his business out in the villages. Those separations were probably the most difficult times. Another incident I remember is that when we were in Mali, I traveled with Mark once up into the desert. We left our children with some good friends. I can't remember the exact town we went to, but this was in the period right after there had been a coup in Mali, and the president was imprisoned in this town. There were guards around the prison. I wasn't aware that you couldn't take pictures. So I was out taking pictures, completely unaware of not being able to do that. Later, at our hotel, we got a tap on the door, and the local gendarme came and confiscated the camera and put us under arrest. We had to stay there at the hotel. Mark spoke to the head of the health department who he was visiting there, and I believe that man must have interceded for us and finally got the camera back. I think they took the film. But that was pretty frightening. So that's something that has stuck in my memory. NOVA: Nerve-racking. LaPointe: Very much so. NOVA: And I'm sure you were worried about your children. LaPointe: Right, exactly. NOVA: Earlier, you talked about, shopping and going to the market in Gabon. What did you do in your spare time when you were in Mali? LaPointe: Much of your day was spent shopping and bargaining. I love to sew, so I enjoyed going to the market and buying African material. I used to make a lot of dresses and skirts and things with the African fabric. I became friends with Peggy Yates, the wife of John Yates, a political officer. They had 3 children, so we did a lot together. They had a little pool, and we didn't, and so a lot of our day was spent over there visiting with them. Or we would get in the cars and go off somewhere, find someplace to take the children. And then on weekends, groups of us, with our husbands, would get together and go out and try to do as much as we could around the area. One particular incident I remember is when we all went off with the kids on a Sunday to a place near the river. It had recently rained, and the cars got stuck in some African lady's field, and she was not very happy about it. John Yates was able to hail some African guy with a Mobylette. So he went into town and got somebody to come out with a truck and chains. We all sat out in the field on blankets and waited until they rescued us. But I think most of our day was spent shopping. I like to cook, so learning how to cook some of the local foods and just raising children and enjoying the friendship of the other people that we met filled my days. NOVA: How do you think participating in the project changed your life? LaPointe: Completely. Even to this day, we have a lot of interaction with Africans. We went back to Africa again (not with the smallpox program), and the children went to French schools. That changed their lives. It opened their eyes to a whole different side of the world, the poverty, how much we have as Americans, an appreciation for what we have. Our daughter Michelle learned to speak French. She was younger and she just picked it up; she was so fluent in it. So when she went off to college, she majored in the romance languages, and that led to things for her. I've done work since we've been back. I taught. I'm a retired teacher. But when I retired, I volunteered with teaching English as a second language for African women, and, as I said, we have a lot of African friends to this day. At our church, Corpus Christi, there's a large African community, and we've been very involved in things relating to Africa. The experience really changed our life completely. I don't know if we'd still be in Maine, if I'd still be teaching there. I don't know. I can't even think like that. NOVA: What difference would it have made if families, say the spouse and children, could not have joined the CDC employees or the medical officers, the folks that were there doing the work? What kind of difference do you think it would have made if the families would have had to have stayed back home in the United States? LaPointe: I can't imagine. I think it would have been very difficult. First of all, you wouldn't be able to relate to anything your husband was going through. To be there together, you were in it together. It would have been a great loss for me, and I think it would have been very difficult on our family. I know we have had separations like that, and it's very difficult on families, the tensions when you get together, and the wife becomes the boss of the house, that kind of thing. I don't think I would have understood what he had been going through when he'd come back and talk about it. I just don't think it would have worked. I'm really happy to have been part of that. It was a whole new life for us. NOVA: Is there anything that you would have changed if you had to do this all over again? LaPointe: I can't think of anything, really. We really enjoyed it. We've made lifelong friends, some of them with CDC. A lot of these people [at the reunion] we have not seen since back then. But we have 1 friend in particular, Jay Friedman [Jay S. Friedman], who lives here, who we've been friends with him since we started here. That's 40 years. The Roys are another couple that we know. And some of the friends we made while we were living in Africa, the people at the embassies who had children, we're still friends with a lot of them. Our children became friends with their children, and they still stay in touch with each other. So we've developed this network of friends that will just keep going on. NOVA: Wonderful. Is there anything else that you'd like to add? LaPointe: Just that I'm very happy that we did this. I know it's just made a big difference in my life, and, of course, Mark's. We came back here to CDC, and that was his career. I'm looking forward to seeing a lot of the people who I haven't seen in so long today. I'm so glad to have had the opportunity. # # # </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310127340&amp;color=ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LAPOINTE, DIANE Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication Program USAID WHO Life as expatriate wife Description An account of the resource Diane LaPointe was the wife of Mark LaPointe, who served as an Operations Officer in Gabon. Diane relates stories of life during training in Atlanta, flying to Cameroon to give birth to their first child while based in Gabon, moving onto Bamako in Mali, shopping and cooking local food, and how the experience positively impacted her life. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harrar, Linda (Interviewer); NOVA; Writer LaPointe, Diane (Interviewee); CDC; Wife of Operations Officer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-14 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 261096378 bytes audio/x-aiff Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource sound recording - nonmusical interviews Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/158mp emory:158mp https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/2a15d7e56f699e0d9b656b933a9097f0.jpg d41e52482a63d40c8c63da4569f3d4fd https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/f3d5b6add61103d571965d7687a2e094.pdf 7d4d3dc3766a295220a5cf78aebd3bc1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> This is an interview with Mark LaPointe about his experience and involvement with the West Africa Smallpox Eradication Project. The interview is being conducted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 14, 2006, as a part of the 40th reunion of the West African Smallpox Eradication Project, to mark the launch of the project. The interviewer is Diane Drew. Drew: Mark, I wonder if you could start by sort of telling me a little bit about your background, your education, where you grew up. LaPointe: I grew up in Maine. I majored in English at Assumption College in Worcester, Massachusetts. After graduating, I went into the Peace Corps in Guinea, West Africa, where I learned a little bit about Africa and got fluent in French, very fluent. I went something like 4 months without speaking English. Then I taught French and English in a high school in Mechanic Falls, Maine- French to the college-prep kids and English to the shop kids. I think they gave me the job because I was big. Drew: And you could keep them under control. LaPointe: I could keep them under control. Just for the record, I'm 6'1" and about 220, and I guess they had a teacher before who they terrorized, even tied him up. Drew: And that goes back a few years. That was like high school is nowadays. LaPointe: They were nice kids. But anyway, during that Christmas vacation, I went down to see some friends in Washington. I saw Stan Shaya [phonetic], who was the Peace Corps doc when I was in Guinea and went on to become the medical director of the Peace Corps, and he asked me about teaching. I said I liked it but that I didn't know if I wanted to do it for a career. I said, "If anything interesting comes up, let me know." And, literally, I was teaching school, and I got a call from a woman named Faye Hendrix at CDC who asked me if I would be interested in the smallpox program. Evidently, Billy Griggs [Billy G. Griggs] was in Washington, talked to Stan Shier, and told him they were wanting to recruit for the smallpox program in-house, but they wanted a few folks who had been in Africa just to sort of fill it out. So there were about 4 or 5 of us who were ex-Peace Corps volunteers. And so, literally, I was teaching a class, and I got a call. In those days, a long-distance call was a big deal. So they said, "Hey, do you want to do the smallpox program?" And I said, "Sure." I was, what, 24 at the time. So I drove down 1 day to Concord, New Hampshire, and interviewed with Leo Morris. He offered me a job. And Diane and I got married on June 25 and drove to Atlanta for training. She always teases me that I'm a cheapskate and that I earned 16 cents a mile on my honeymoon. Drew: Somebody that I talked with yesterday, either Jay Friedman or Betty Roy was in the Peace Corps, too. LaPointe: Both Jay and Jean [Jeannel A. Roy] were in the Peace Corps. Jean was in Cameroon and Jay was in Sierra Leone. Also Tony Masso [Anthony R. Masso]. Those were the ex-Peace Corps volunteers that CDC brought in. I think it was good because sometimes people had questions about this, that, and the other thing because at that time, people didn't travel that much, especially to that part of the world., and they could come to us. So, anyways, this is the 40th anniversary of the smallpox program in West Africa, and Diane and I had our 40th anniversary 10 days ago. People talked about the smallpox program, but it was actually the smallpox eradication-measles control program. That was very important because a lot of the countries, especially the francophone countries, had what they called the Service des Grandes Endemies (SGE), which were mobile health teams that were run by French military doctors who were assigned to Africa. And pre-vaccines, if you looked at data for measles, there was a very pronounced peak and valley every 2 or 3 years and a high mortality rate. And these Service des Grandes Endemies tried to control smallpox, but they didn't believe in eradication. And so in the francophone countries, you didn't have the problem with smallpox that you did in some other countries. A measles field study had been conducted in then Upper Volta, now Burkina Faso, in the early '60s. And the results were very, very positive. So the African francophone community really wanted measles vaccine. There was actually a measles control program, which was the predecessor of the smallpox program, but it wasn't very well managed and it had all sorts of problems. LaPointe: The Minister of Health of Upper Volta came to Washington, and he said that his country wanted the measles program. And because the situation was such a disaster, a lot of CDC people-I think Mike Lane [J. Michael Lane] was one of them-went to West Africa and reviewed the measles control program. They concluded that it was not a medical problem, but an operational, logistics problem. And so that's where they got the idea of guys like us (I became an operations officer) going over. Drew: It seems to have been really critical to the overall program. LaPointe: Yes. As time went on, although they realized that physicians were good, they also realized the value of good managers and operations officers. But anyway, when AID [US Agency for International Development] came to CDC and said, "Can you run the measles control program?" CDC said that it wanted to do smallpox eradication too. That's an oversimplification, of course. Drew: Sure. LaPointe: And so, that was that marriage. And I know in the anglophone countries, especially places like Sierra Leone and Nigeria, they really wanted the smallpox eradication program, and so they took the measles control with it. But anyways, I think we talk about smallpox eradication . . . Drew: And kind of forget the other . . . LaPointe: Yes. And many Africans were more concerned about measles than smallpox. Drew: Because they were losing a lot of children to that. LaPointe: Oh, yes. We would hear stories of measles just decimating the pediatric population of a village. And you'd hear stories about a woman who had several children under 5, and measles would come along and all of a sudden she had none. So I just feel, for the record, that it's important to state that for many countries measles control was more important than smallpox control. Some of the French military physicians would ask me, "What's this eradication stuff? We've been controlling smallpox for years." There was always the debate whether smallpox control was adequate. Plus eradication is such an absolute. And so physicians in the French military community would say, "Well, it gets down to nothing. There's a little flare-up, we send some people out and vaccinate, and it calms down again." Drew: So they were skeptical about eradication? LaPointe: Well, you know, they thought eradication might be too difficult. But I think that was one of the beauties of the West African program: they showed that if you can pull off the eradication program in West Africa, with all the problems there, there was a case to be made that it could be done globally. Drew: So some of the lessons learned, then, during that period probably applied in subsequent countries. LaPointe: I think the biggest lesson was that, although mass vaccinations were good, CDC questioned whether you really needed them for an eradication program, especially with a disease like smallpox that, over time, especially in West Africa, proved not be as infectious as people thought it was. Originally they thought it was going to be an urban disease, and actually it was a rural disease. That's another thing: they talked about search and containment strategy, but many of these countries had what they called firefighting teams. If there were an outbreak someplace, people would go out and vaccinate. So it was sort of a containment strategy. It was haphazard, ad hoc. But the notion that you would run mass vaccinations and just do the whole country, and if there were an outbreak in an area where you weren't vaccinating, it was left unattended-that's not true at all. You got some vaccine and went out and did what you could. Drew: So, even when there were mass vaccinations, even then there were containment strategies? LaPointe: Yes. They had these strategies. If there were an outbreak someplace, you just wouldn't sit there and say, "No, we're doing mass vaccinations. We're not going to go out with that." So I think that what Foege [William H. Foege] did is that he institutionalized that, sort of codified it for the campaigns in the subcontinent. Am I straying? Drew: No, no. Please don't worry about that. I feel that you and the others I've talked with are the ones who have the stories, the experience, and from my conversations with Dr. Sencer [David J. Sencer], I think the interest is in trying to gather the heart of your experience. So maybe tell me about where you were and what the living conditions were like. LaPointe: Well, we came down to Atlanta, and we had our training from July through November. And as projects agreements were assigned in countries, then you'd get the go-ahead to leave. Diane and I went back to Maine in mid-November and just waited for the word to go. We were assigned to Gabon and got there in late November of '68. Drew: So, you celebrated your first Christmas together in Gabon? LaPointe: Yeah, we did. And Gabon was an interesting country because it was very rich and underpopulated. At that time, the official census was something like 450,000. It's a country that has always had a problem with its demography because the birth rates weren't very high. Some people attributed it to a lot of untreated gonorrhea. Drew: I'm not that knowledgeable about Gabon. LaPointe: It's on the equator, very wealthy. It had a little bit of oil. It was one of the smaller members of OPEC [Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries], which was just started when we were there. Gabon had uranium, manganese, a big iron-ore deposit, and wood (because it was heavily forested), and it was very much controlled by the French. My counterparts were mostly French. My direct counterpart was a Frenchman about my age, Alan Gourdon [phonetic], and we got along pretty well. We had a good time together. The head of the Grandes Endemies, that mobile unit, was Jean Montinazo [phonetic], and the dean of the medical community was General Gee Sholiak [phonetic]. These people, even to this day, have stayed in contact; I saw them last about 3 or 4 years ago when I was in France. The Grandes Endemie was very, very prominent. Gabon was very interested in measles control because it hadn't had a case of smallpox since '63, and it was '66 when we were there. But the SGE bought into the notion of mass campaigns because the vaccines for smallpox that they used really weren't that good. The experience was good for me because I worked with the French. I think I got to understand them and I got very involved in the community. If Diane or I made a mistake in French, the neighbors would tease us and correct us. And so we got to be pretty close friends while we were there. that are still entrenched with, the parents, the kids, and the grandchildren have visited in the States, and we've visited them. Drew: Which is a great side benefit. LaPointe: Yes, it was. But they were very fixed in their ways. I think a lot of the things that CDC was promoting-epidemiology, surveillance and reporting, using data as a tool to control disease-were used for their records, more for their archives than to really help control disease. So there were these continual little-I can't say they were squabbles, but debates-about how you're going to do this stuff or improve surveillance. Drew: Kind of maybe not being altogether on board with CDC's way. LaPointe: Well, no. At that time I think the CDC was the new kid on the block, and people really didn't know much about it. That was CDC's first overseas project. By contrast, the French ran institutions, like the OCEAC [Organization de Coordination pour la Lutte contre Endemies d'Afrique Central], which is the medical community in Central Africa, that did training (it was based in Yaounde, the capital of Cameroon, and people would go there for their training and almost eschew training elsewhere). And the French had the same thing up in the OCCGE [Organization de Coordination et de Cooperation pour la Lutte contre Grandes Endemies] countries and Bobo-Dioulassou. I worked in the smallpox program, and I also had several other African assignments right up until 3 years ago, so you can see things over a period of 40 years. And what's interesting is that these organizations are now pretty much passé. At the time the role of the paramount trainers and policymakers in that part of the world had fallen on hard times because the French don't support them as much, Now, people realize that WHO training, CDC training, and training in the tropical institutes in Holland and in Belgium are all very worthwhile. So I was working in Gabon in sort of the heyday of the French dominance in that part of the world. So, I think in terms of getting the teams trained and building a warehouse and a cold room and things like that, I was busy. But I thought the real action was in West Africa. Drew: So in some ways, your assignment was a little more low-key than some of the others? LaPointe: Well, it wasn't a high priority, I guess, because of the small population of the country, for 1 thing. And the infrastructure of some of places-the roads were abysmal, especially in the rainy season. I remember taking something like 36 hours to go 40 miles. Drew: Amazing. LaPointe: And we had to dodge trucks and this and that. People chided us about not having a winch on our vehicles to pull us out of the mud/ Once, we had had to rebuild a bridge because our truck went through it. We took the jack and got a 2×4 or something like that from the bridge. I jacked it up and found a hard spot, in about 5 feet of water, and jacked it up. We took turns doing that. It was miserable. I was young then; I could do that. American ingenuity born of necessity, But those are the sorts of adventures we had in Gabon. It's such a different place. It was newly independent-I think it got independence in '63. And there wasn't much of an infrastructure. Now, once they have some money from OPEC and started building their own . I haven't been back there. It's sort of like a forgotten country on the continent because it has such a small population. I have a friend who was the ambassador there. We were talking about the demography of Gabon, and he was saying that, even today, they have the population up over a million, but nobody can count the people. They must be counted 3 times. And I remember when I was there, the population count all of a sudden went, with the stroke of a pen, from 450,000 up to something like 600,000. And the ambassador, a wonderful man named David Bane, called me and he said, "What do you think?" and I said, "According to all of our figures, there's been no change." And my theory was, is, that they would count people twice. They would count them in the village and then, as they moved into town, they'd count them in the town. But there's no way in the world that they had that increase. The president who took power when I was there is still in power. He must be the longest-serving head of an African state. Drew: What's his name? LaPointe: Well, when I was there, his name was Albert-Bernard Bongo. He became a Muslim about 20, 25 years ago, and now his name is Omar Bongo. When I first got there, the president was Léon M'ba, and he was sick. He was in Paris, and the cabinet used to fly to Paris about once a month and have signatures and this and that. It was sort of a tempest in a teapot. There were several people vying to be vice-president, knowing that Léon M'ba was going to die. Léon M'ba died in the summer of '68, and Bongo, somehow, was appointed president. The country, as I've said, was dominated by the French, and there was a fellow named Jacques Fokka [phonetic], and he used to come in. He was some sort of a political henchman of de Gaulle and the people who ran the ministry. The French community had great trepidation because he could fire people. So I think he and some other people decided that Bongo was their man, and so he's been in power ever since Drew: That's amazing. LaPointe: Yes. He's been around about 38 years, and he's still a relatively young guy. Drew: He must have been very young. LaPointe: Oh, yes. He was in his early 30s or mid-30s. So, after that, we headed up to Mali. Our older daughter was born while we were in Gabon. Diane is talking about that in her interview. She had Mary in a missionary hospital in Cameroon. LaPointe: So we went up to Mali, and that was different work. I had been the only CDC person in Gabon. Up in Mali, I was working with Pat Imperato, the CDC epidemiologist in Mali, that was different, just the opposite. Gabon was firmly in control of the French, whereas Mali had socialist notions, Marxist notions. A lot of the people we worked for were confirmed socialists and Marxists because those were the people who supported African independence. They bought into the philosophy that the riches of Europe come from exploiting Africa. Drew: In Mali, were you dealing with migrant people with cattle and stuff like that? LaPointe: Yes. In Mali, Pat did a study called the Tranjo Mas. In Mali there was a whole series of movements, depending on the season. During the rains, the cattle herd stayed stationary because they had adequate pasture, plus people liked to stay home during the rainy season because it rained a lot. The nomads liked to go way north during the rainy season to get away from the mosquitoes; and so the Tuaregs would go way up almost to the Algerian border. The hill cattlemen would stay in south-central Mali. The fishermen would stay in their village. And the Sauri [phonetic] stayed up around the Niger River. As the waters dried up, the northern nomads would come south to follow the grass. And then the southern herds of the [unclear] would come. And right in the middle of the [unclear] delta or the Niger was something called Lake Dabo. And I remember Pat and I went up there, and he felt it was like a National Geographic special because all these folks would come together to Lake Dabo. They all had their little turf. You would meet people, try to vaccinate them, and find out if they had any smallpox. That's how we did surveillance. Drew: And you were also doing measles vaccination? LaPointe: Yes, and then other things. Mali had a big yellow fever outbreak, and so we were doing yellow fever vaccinations. We had Russian oral polio vaccine, Sabin, and they were like little bits of candy. We used to go crazy because the vaccinators thought they were candy and would start eating them. We were funded for measles and smallpox, but yet when a crisis would come along, we were a viable operation. We had as many as 30 teams. Drew: So you had the manpower and the structure and so forth to be flexible? LaPointe: Yes. One of the great lessons, I think, in public health, is that most of our vaccinators were not trained, except by us. I mean, they called themselves nurses, but they weren't. They were people we recruited. Some of them were illiterate. But they formed teams and they did a great job. I don't think they've gotten enough credit. We talk about some of the people who went on to become very prominent in public health, but a lot of that work was done by teams of people, men mostly, with primary school education, if that. We're getting away from Lake Dabo. I just want to finish up on it because it's a fascinating story. All these folks would come together. Then, when the rains came, they would just disperse and go back to their cycles. And so we had to move quickly. After 2 or 3 rains in the delta, the Niger became just a morass; it was bottomland clay. If you didn't get out, your vehicle might just stay there, and that whole area, during the rains, would become an inland lake. Drew: So you could wind up being trapped if you didn't pay attention? LaPointe: That's right. There were places, during the dry season, where you could drive across the Niger if you found a ford. But then, as the rains fell heavily in places like Sierra Leone and Guinea, the headwaters of the Niger, the river would be a half a mile wide at the height of the rainy season. They had steamboats that would only navigate the river for 6 months a year. But we rode a boat because we had the idea that we could drop off vaccine at these small, isolated villages, and we wanted to see how it was done. It's sort of impractical, but it was great fun. So in places like Mali, you really had to be attuned to the rainy season because the whole dynamic of the country could change. When I got to Mali in '68, we survived a coup, the military overthrow of Modibo Keita, who was a socialist. That was a little hairy because on the ride down to the bakery to get some bread, I saw soldiers all over the place and machine guns and stuff. Drew: Did you know ahead of time what was going on? LaPointe: No, I didn't, and I said, "What are all these soldiers doing here?" Duh. We had just arrived. I left Gabon and went up to Mali, and then Diane came after, when Mary was just about a year old. We settled into a little transient apartment, from which I could walk to work. And the nurse came by and said, "There's been a coup," and I went and told Pat, "There's been a coup." We had to stay in the house for about 3 days. I remember we were going to go take a walk, and it wasn't too far away. Some small-arms fire opened up, a machine gun, tat- tat-tat-tat-tat-tat. So that changed a lot because the socialists-their party was called the Union Sudanese-were very hostile to Americans. They were against the war in Vietnam because it was against one of their socialist brothers After the coup, the military took over, and things became easier for us. The Minister of Heath was a guy named Benny Chenny Fofona [phonetic], who was a good friend of Pat's. They had done some fieldwork together. And he was very good. Well, the other guy was okay, but he was under political restraints. Drew: Sure. LaPointe: So I think, in Mali, when the military took over, there was sort of a honeymoon. That was a time in Africa when there were lots of coups. I think people in the smallpox program went through half a dozen in places like Nigeria, Dahomey, Togo, and Mali. And so that changed, and, of course, after a while the military abused their power and became crooks. I don't know if anyone's talked about the last outbreak of smallpox in Mali, which was in 1968, October-November. We had gotten reports that there was smallpox in an area over near the Upper Volta border. We looked at the maps and we talked to people, and the only way that we could get in there was to go through Upper Volta, through a town called Watagere [phonetic], and come in the back. That was a big expedition. It was like a Frank Buck movie. We had people carrying Ped-O-Jets on their heads. We must have recruited about 20 people or so. And we walked up to. We met Tom Leonard (CDC operations officer) over in Watagere [phonetic] with his counterpart. And Dave Asteen [phonetic] was there. I think he was in Burkina Faso or Upper Volta. And we all went up there, to this little canyon that had something like 5 generations of smallpox. And that was interesting because everyone thought that smallpox spread lightning fast in West Africa. Mike Lane had done a survey of the outbreak in nomads and found out that they had 3 or 4 generations of smallpox. And we saw that, too. People with scabs. That's one of the things you would look at, their faces, because after the scabs, they'd have pock marks. But if the scars were of recent origin, they'd still be pink. So we did these surveys. We just walked around looking at people's faces, and if the scabs had recently fallen off, their faces were so pink, that was at least a 30 percent attack rate. I remember we walked up there, spent the morning, vaccinated everybody, and did all the things that we were supposed to do, and that was the last outbreak in Mali. We had scares after that, outbreaks of chickenpox and this and that, but that was the last smallpox outbreak. After that, we still did the mass campaigns because we hadn't finished up in the desert area. Looking back on it, it was great fun. But the Dodge trucks used to break these front axles. I used to be amazed at our mechanics. They could set them up with spare axle housings. Somehow they're out in the middle of nowhere in 115° to 120°F heat, and they would take off the axle and sort of put the snap where the housing was, and they'd reassemble it. Drew: Didn't it take a certain amount of brute strength too? LaPointe: Well, it would take a lot of patience, some strength, and then some ingenuity. Again, we talked about the vaccinators being good, but some of these drivers were exceptional because they always brought the vehicles back. And they could repair them. I mean, I would go up and watch them and, looking back on it, I have the greatest admiration for the work that they did. Drew: These were Africans? LaPointe: Yes, Malians. And the same in Gabon. Some of these drivers were amazing. You know, these muddy conditions. I have a picture in my mind of a driver-his name is unknown to history-but we were coming down a slope, and the car fishtailed, and we were going toward a relatively small village. And it was in the rainy season, and in Gabon, the rainy season was just gumbo. It was terrible. And this driver, somehow he downshifted, fishtailed, and just straightened us out just as we hit the village. If he hadn't done that, there would have been a serious accident. Those were the days before seatbelts and air bags and all that stuff. These guys were great drivers. And they used to compliment me on my driving because, up in Maine, I knew how to drive in snow, and if you can drive in snow, you can drive in mud. So I knew how to downshift and go with the flow. Most of the time I didn't like to drive there, but just in case there's an accident or something, for practice I'd do it every now and then, and they'd always comment. So I could admire how well they drove in mud, because if they were in Maine, they would have been able to do the same thing on snow. But I don't think that these folks get the credit that they deserve. Drew: So there's really kind of this whole foundation of getting the job done. LaPointe: Yes. We stood on their shoulders, you know. Drew: Were they primarily informally trained? LaPointe: Oh, yes. These apprentices would be assigned to a driver, and it was exploitation because things that, teach my kids to drive was an afternoon, and then sort of a white-knuckle drive. But they would learn rudimentary mechanics and they could fix things. In that part of the world, they added water to a lot of the fuel; they were constantly tinkering. And these guys did a marvelous job. Drew: How old were they, about, on average? Young adults? LaPointe: My age. I was in Mali in 2003 and spent a couple of afternoons with some of my old drivers. Drew: That must have been kind of neat. LaPointe: It was wonderful, wonderful. Drew: Were they French speakers? LaPointe: They knew greetings and phrases.. Drew: But they were fluent in French? LaPointe: They could say simple phrases like, "Where's the chief's house?" or "I want to eat," or "I need some water." But that would get me to someone. The problem in that part of the world is that, in Gabon, for instance, they must have 40 dialects among half a million people. I remember driving along with my driver, who was a Fang. He would be fine translating in that area, which is up at the Cameroon border. But we'd go down to southern Gabon and someone would speak in a dialect, and I'd say, "What's he saying?" and he'd say, "I don't know, I don't know." The situation was like with a romance language. You know, like if you understand Spanish and French, you can sort of follow a little bit Portuguese or Italian? But with the local dialect, absolutely zero, not even the same language. The same in Mali. You had [unclear] in the central part, and you'd have 15 languages. And so to master one might be great. Then you go to another part of the country . . . I remember when I was in Senegal the last time, I was talking to some Senegalese in French about why they should have a national language, saying, "Well, you'd be like Belgium," because the Walloons and the Flemish are always fighting about language superiority. It's very political. You know, language is political, even in this country now. Drew: Oh, yes. LaPointe: And the thing is if they did that, I was telling him that Senegal would have to be like a Scandinavian country. When Scandinavians learn English, it's not fun and games. They take it seriously because it's their lifeline to the rest of the world. You meet Scandinavians who speak very good English; they start in grammar school. So, anyway, I said, "Well, if you guys want French as a national language, first of all you'd have to appease all the other non-French speaking. then you've got to be serious about a language. So French is, maybe people don't like it. They're always figuring out official language and the language of instruction. Drew: Because that's the association with colonialism? LaPointe: Well, you know, they speak French well and they love it, but when push comes to shove, it's still foreign to their African culture. But they also realize that they have to have that because how else can someone, say, from Mali speak to someone from the Congo? They need a common language. And so it's French. And they realize that, because if you chose a native language, which one would you choose? And so the subject is fraught with politics. When we went back to see the driver, we always spoke in French. I mean, I would fool around and say, "What's the word for this?" and "What's the word for that?" He was a Bambara speaker. And we would play around with it. But when push came to shove, if you really wanted to talk, it would have to be in French, so that was the language you stuck with. It was nice going back to Mali. I saw my counterpart, who was sort of administrative counterpart if you needed travel orders or some formality or process type thing. He and I were about the same age. I saw him, and he's retired.. Drew: And he is a Malian? LaPointe: Yes. His name's Sisoko [phonetic]. In his retirement he formed a service to solve small problems for civil servants. He doesn't get paid for it. But it was fun because I went in and he was talking, and he just lit up, jumped over his desk, and gave me a big hug. There must have been about 25 Malians there, and they go, "Who the hell is this guy?" Then he told them who I was and what I had done. And so it was good going back. We talked about the old days. Drew: Did Diane go with you, too? LaPointe: No. I was working. The last time I was in Africa, I managed a 10,000- household survey for UNICEF and managed, activities in Mali, Senegal, Ghana, and Benin. I went to Mali 3 times. So I made time to go around and see as many people as I could, and the word got out that I was around. It's nice seeing people again, going back, oh, I guess, 38 years. Drew: Did you and Diane have other children? LaPointe: Yeah, we had Michelle. Drew: And this was while you were still in Africa? LaPointe: Yes. Diane went back to Portland, Maine, where she had family, because Mali really didn't have the facilities. Mary had been born in Ebola. In Cameroon, there was a Presbyterian hospital. When the physicians went on furlough, they usually went to do a residency someplace, so they were all board-certified. We were young and maybe a little foolish, but things went well. I drove up from Leeperville [phonetic}. We drove across the border. It was about another 100 miles to where she was. And everything went well. But Mali just had no facilities that were as good as the ones in Cameroon. So the option was to go up to Europe or the States, and we opted to go to the States, and it was best. So off they went. Anyways, they're doing well. Drew: If you'd been in charge of the program, are there things that you would have done differently? LaPointe: I think the biggest thing that they did is that they left us alone. Don Millar [J. Donald Millar] was very good that way. If you showed some initiative, and even though you broke every rule in the book, he'd say, "You're a naughty boy, but God love you!" Once I was way out on the tip of Gambia in a small village. We were driving out for the smallpox program, and our vehicle didn't really have any air-conditioning; it would all be dusty and red. And one of the Malians said, you know, "In the smallpox program, we're not white or black; we're red." And so this time we went up there in an air-conditioned vehicle and people had their laptops and their phones. There seems to be this phenomenon where people land someplace and [unclear] airplnes, it seems that everyone has a cell phone and wants to call someone up here. . Drew: It always makes me laugh how quickly they adapt to the new technologies. LaPointe: As soon as they say you can use your cell phone, it's . . . Drew: Everybody and their brother. LaPointe: It seems like most people do that, and it's the same phenomenon. We were with some UNICEF people, and they rented an air-conditioned van. There must have been 15 of us. And these guys were calling their offices and had their laptops and all this and that, and yet it was a practice run. And we went out to the village, and the village hadn't changed that much. I was thinking that when we were there for the smallpox program, the last thing in the world we'd think of when we were visiting a village was to call Atlanta. Now they have cell phones, and many people call their local offices, regional office. Drew: Checking their voice mail. LaPointe: Yes, all that stuff. And I remember they did some sample interviews. We were looking at the forms and walking around in the village. There was absolutely no-or very little-change in 40 years. But then I picked up a form and really looked at it, and it noted that a 23-year-old woman had had 6 pregnancies and half the kids had died. She had no education. So, I just grabbed a sample of every woman who was 23 or 24-I forget the exact age- and all had pretty much the same type of history. And I was thinking, we have the technology, and yet nothing's changed at the local level. It's disappointing in a way. And I can never figure out why. If people want to change, they leave the village. Change doesn't come to the village. A person has to leave the village to change. And so the villages' populations, I suppose, really don't grow that much because people want to leave. But I think somehow the modern technology might lead to micromanagement. I mean, why do you have to call your boss and say, "I'm here at the village and I'm shuffling around." I really think it's a distraction. Or your boss tells you stuff to do. Among other things, if you don't want people telling you what to do, you don't call them up and ask them for advice, and especially a superior. Drew: And if you don't want to be told no, you don't ask. LaPointe: That's right. And I think with the smallpox program, the program was CDC's first overseas project, and we were all young. People didn't really defer to headquarters. I think sometimes when people who have been out in the field come back to headquarters, they have their own values and start to impose them on people. I supervised people overseas. I think one of my biggest chores was to keep my mouth shut and not say, "Well, that's not quite the way I'd want to do it." And I just think that the smallpox team was a good team. I consider Billy Griggs a friend and a business associate. But he understood his role. He really didn't interfere with the daily stuff. But he knew how CDC worked and how CDC should be supported in the field. He never went to the field. I think there's a tendency now for people to travel too much. Some travel is good. But I think Billy was a key to that success. I don't think he liked to travel. Once, I asked him, "How can you not travel?" And he said, "Well, I know CDC, and if people need something, I can get it at CDC." And that was a very valuable thing. I don't think people have given it the credit that it deserves. If you needed something, they'd find it. And with Millar, if there was any doubt about the central office or the field, he always supported the field because these guys knew what they were doing. Now a lot of things have become very institutionalized, and I think there's too much process. I went to a 30-day evaluation conference, again in 2003 when I was doing that stint for UNICEF. Everyone was talking about input. There was no output type of thing. And I think an eradication program, process is good, but the bottom line is eradication; your feet are really to the fire. I mean, it's an absolute term. You have the disease. I suppose it's like pregnancy. You either are or you're not. But I noticed when I've gone out and talked with the same people, they spend a lot of time on emails. I remember once I went to Guinea for something in the '90s, and there was this kid who went along. He did something at CDC. He came up to me, and I said, "Well, here's where I'm going to be if you ever want to link up, just show up." And he said, "I love to do it, I'd love to do that." And I was there 10 days, going to the ministry and clinics and talking to people, taking notes and doing my evaluations. I saw this guy a couple of days before I left, and I said, "I never saw you. What happened?" He said, "I can't get out of the office." He said, "Everyday, a window opens up in the heavens and dumps a whole screen full of stuff, emails from Washington, the AID office. I have to answer them." And he said, "I get all caught up, and the next day at 3 o'clock, I get another dump." I asked him, "How often do you get out of the office?" He said, "Never." See, in the smallpox program, people were never burdened with that stuff. You had your reports and you sent them in. Drew: Well, one of the things that I find happens is almost like a Pavlovian response. An email shows up, and we're often geared toward, "Oh, I must respond to it right now." LaPointe: And then, nowadays, with phones. When we were in Mali, I think we got 1 or 2 phone calls. Big deal. In those days, you'd have to go down to the "Ministry of Telephones," etay tay [phonetic], as they called it. Post Telegraphic and Telephone, something like that. And you'd say, "Well, we want to call Atlanta at 3 o'clock tomorrow," or whatever. And then we'd go down there and somehow the call would go through Paris, and we'd get our call through. And we could hardly understand it half the time. Why bother? Now, with the phone systems working so well, people call headquarters everyday just to say, "Checking in." When I was going overseas. I always liked to go to the schools and see what was going on because my wife was a teacher and teaching is sort of our family profession. My grandmother was a teacher; my dad was a teacher; my wife is a teacher; and Michelle, the one who was born in Mali, is teaching, doing research at Stanford as a postdoc. I always liked to see the class size and this and that. We'd see class sizes of 60-70, and hear kids come in speaking an African dialect, trying to learn something in French, or English in the anglophone countries. I also like to talk to people in the offices, especially at UNICEF, ask them, "How often do you get out in the field?" And they say they can't. They take emails and telephone calls. Drew: Somehow that just seems wrong. LaPointe: It does. I remember when I did some work for the Carter Center in Guinea. I went out to Niger, and the place I was in had a lot of Guinea worm, at one time perhaps more Guinea worm than any other place in West Africa. They had put up a little sort of rest house office so that the director could go out there. He had young kids. And he told me, "I go out in the field. I bring my wife and kids and work for a couple weeks." I saw him about 6 months later, and I asked, "Are you spending enough time in the field?" He said, "I can't get out of the office. I have calls, I have emails, I have meetings," and this and that. And I said, "Well, how about the field?" And he said, "Well, I just can't get out there." Well, the thing is, is that you can, but you have to tell your people and say, "I'm sorry, we're not going to reply to emails," and this and that, and you go out to the field for 2 weeks. In the smallpox program, you were expected to spend 50% of your time out in the field. Now, we were younger then, but even so, those roads, I swear to God, it was like someone beat the hell out of me because of the rocks and the bouncing around. The smallpox program was really field oriented. I just wonder if you had the same program today, with modern technology, would you spend all your time answering emails and phone calls and not go out in the field? Drew: You wouldn't be as productive ultimately. LaPointe: Yes. Looking back on it, Atlanta pretty much left you alone, and they supported you. And CDC at that time, I think, was more flexible. Drew: They were a little less bureaucratic. LaPointe: Well, I think technology leads to bureaucratization. It's just, if you have the ability to communicate, you communicate. You see people yakking away on their cell phone, and you think, before cell phones, what did these people do? So, I don't know, technology is a mix, a double-edged sword. Drew: I think it is. One of the phenomena that I find fascinating is how frequently you'll see people who are not present in their present space. In other words, they're constantly emailing, calling. They're interacting with something that is far away and they're not, in a sense, fully present. I can't tell you the number of meetings that I've been in where you'll have everybody and their brother with their Blackberry on the table. LaPointe: My son-in-law works for Microsoft, and he said the same thing. In Gabon, General Sholiak [phonetic], who now is [unclear], and I got along very well. I think he had kids my age, and everyone else would be bracing and saluting because he was the general and they're all captains. And I'd say, "Hey, General, how are you doing? You look tired. You sleep okay?" But he liked me. I remember him telling me he went to Gabon for the first time in 1937, and he said he got off in Porjantee [phonetic], which is on the [unclear], took a Dogon canoe, went up to this hospital, and stayed there for 10 months. And sometimes he'd get a pack of mail. So he was almost lamenting telephones and e-mail. I don't know what the solution is. Computers are wonderful, but they're a terrible distraction. You know, the Africans say that-I'll translate it from the French- Drew: No, say it in French. LaPointe: In French, they say, le feast. It's a French expression that means that success is the son of everyone in the village, and failure is his mother's son. And so the smallpox was a success, so everyone bought into it. When I did the first draft of the smallpox history, I remember that everyone who was remotely associated with the smallpox program, took some credit. "Well, I did this," you know, or "I recruited this" or "We did that." Before I close, one cautionary tale. In the mid-'90s, I was in Cote d'Ivoire. They were having an AIDS meeting, and I was staying at a hotel with someone who was going to a dinner for the AIDS workers. And Kevin DeCock who is now, I think, the head of WHO, HIV/AIDS, he was saying that it would be wonderful if we could eradicate the disease, that then we could be like the smallpox people, who had these orgies of self-congratulations. And so I said I had been in smallpox." He said, "I didn't realize it was smallpox." I said, "We're everywhere." So success does generate things like that. If the program had been an abject failure, it would have been sort of swept into the outback someplace. We're lucky. You know, areas where we worked in Mali, I don't know how the hell we did this, but I took Diane. We went way up in the desert. Now you can't go up there. Drew: In terms of safety? LaPointe: Safety. The Tuaregs were on the warpath. They were pacified or brutalized, I don't know what the word is. But the area that I went up to in 1970, which is way up Keydal [phonetic], had a shootout out about a month ago between the Tuaregs and the army, with casualties. Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia are pretty much semi-failed states. Could we work there now? It's very iffy to be in the desert areas of Niger. When I was in Chad working for Guinea worm eradication, sometimes we were out with armed guards, guys with AK47s. Drew: And that's so qualitatively different-on so many different levels from what you're describing about your relationship with your drivers and nurses. LaPointe: You know, I went to a meeting once during the smallpox days, and my counterpart opened up his briefcase, and he had a gun in there, a pistol or something. And I said, "Geez, I didn't realize you were packing." And he said, "You were the only guy in that room without a gun." And he said, "I'll get you one." And I remember once we were in southern Chad and we went out to a village, and the district officer wanted to go. It was like an old Western. I mean, he reaches in and he gets a gun and sticks it in his belt, and takes a rifle out of the closet. Other people got shotguns, and off we went. I don't think we could have done that. We were lucky. It was an era where, if you looked at the history of Africa, it had the infrastructure of the colonial age, which, in many instances, has disappeared or hasn't been maintained. You had a lot of political people who were socialist. That's a bad word in this country. But they did have a conscience about health, and they supported it. If my memory serves me correctly, they dedicated something like 10% or 12% of the national budget to health. Well, the economies are stagnant now, and populations have doubled. I remember reading something about 40 years ago about the demographic history of India. I remember talking to Pat about it. I said, "You know, when you have population growth in this part of the world, these populations are going to be more than double in 40 years," and they have. But now Africa has stagnant economies, and so the per capita income for social services has gone from what I described down to 35 cents. Now, many of these countries can pay people, and that's about it. Everything else is dependent on foreigners or other things. And so we were lucky in a sense, is that we had- Drew: It was like you were in a perfect sort of a window. LaPointe: And then we had CDC just starting out and they didn't know how to boss people around. They let us alone. Everyone was young. You realized you had to spend a lot of time in the field. You had infrastructure that was still workable. Drew: Yes. LaPointe: And political stability in a sense. You could go almost anywhere in the country without safety concerns. But recently, when I went to Chad, the ambassador gave me hell. He said, "What are you doing down there?" I said, "Well, that's where Guinea worm is." "That's dangerous. You're not supposed to be going there." I said, "Well, what am I going to do?" And so we were lucky. As Napoleon said, he liked lucky generals, and we were lucky generals Drew: Mark, thank you so much. I really enjoyed this interview # # # </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310127651&amp;color=ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource sound recording - nonmusical interviews Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/158nt emory:158nt Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO Operations Officer Endemic Disease Service Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 774640608 bytes audio/x-aiff Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Drew, Diane (Interviewer); CDC; Nurse LaPointe, Mark (Interviewee); CDC; Operations Officer Title A name given to the resource LAPOINTE, MARK Description An account of the resource Mark LaPointe served as an Operations Officer in Gabon and Mali. Mark highlights the measles aspect of the smallpox eradiction/measles control program, working with French medical structure such as Endemic Disease Service and other French institutions, seasonality, nomads, and a coup in Mali. Mark reflects on management strategies, lack of change at the village level after 40 years, today's burden of technology while working in the field, and comments on the changed political situation of many countries where the smallpox program once worked. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/4601443c4d9604fc1401e0e85403e48f.jpg e53117e45a3b28b00f73d01bfdb4446b Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 1377 IPTC Array a:1:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:10:"adr studio";} IPTC String copyright_notice:adr studio Width 1744 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LARVAE COLLECTION – Emory Field Station Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of a researcher collecting mosquito larvae at the Emory University Field Station in Baker County, Georgia as part of a cooperative endeavor of Emory University, the Georgia Department of Public Health, the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Public Health Service's Malaria Control in War Areas program to study the natural occurrence of Malaria. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library (MARBL), Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University, 540 Asbury Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322-2870 www.marbl.library.emory.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10904.jpg https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/bf89538ee36e7b45f424ae452c7da79c.jpg b4f408b81d773826971ed4172d9caa68 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8ce929459fb907a6fb092e84dc42bfba.pdf f556d63bea01d7ab38e7179c6dde87dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=RyanLashXML.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LASH, RYAN Description An account of the resource Dr. R. Ryan Lash of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Travelers' Health Branch briefly reviews his career, then describes his involvement in CDC's response to the 2013-16 Ebola epidemic. Between November 2014 and January 2015, Dr. Lash deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, and provided mapping and geographic information system support. A PDF OF THIS INTERVIEW CAN BE FOUND AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 29, 2018 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/4cac44be4e99224cb30e4e19a4b0aa4e.pdf 16e6f28794b996915299ee66e9de9ed2 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/9e57abce43774d2abb159ed111eb197a.jpg bd437a5f2c16009fcd92bb4233ef2b8e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=AlexanderLaskarisXML.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LASKARIS, ALEXANDER Description An account of the resource Alexander M. Laskaris, who served as US Ambassador to Guinea from September 2012 to November 2015, reviews his career in foreign service and discusses his work responding to Guinea’s Ebola epidemic. His interface with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a particular focus. A PDF OF THIS INTERVIEW CAN BE FOUND AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 6, 2017 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/0d580b48f0f399f4c4057dc8eeaec782.jpg 4ea347ccb1f691156c2fa9012380f307 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 2576 Width 1818 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15v4h emory:15v4h Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 4705036 bytes image/tiff Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource LAST CASE – Somalia Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of Ali Maow Maalin, a Somali hospital cook and health worker from Merca, the last person known to be infected with naturally occurring Variola minor smallpox in the world. Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication CDC WHO Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/d3f8df51c9aa20cc38b0bb184c5f2256.pdf 3b47aaa172fb9a40d407c90064ef2ede Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LAV ANTIBODIES Description An account of the resource LETTER TO: Dr. Don Francis FROM: Dr. L. Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute Regarding: LAV Antibodies appearing in Zairian AIDS cases Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 10, 1984 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8033d7e38c3f5db0043de35d4ff3af2a.JPG feba5781d00ac47fda5ddd04d6555889 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=2016_500_42LawrenceDale.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LAWRENCE, DALE Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant youtube https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/894fef9dafa241b6e22fa2c68d5efcbc.jpg 18a0f25a804f9acf48ff25f2168a18a8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 117 Title A name given to the resource LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH Description An account of the resource Death Rates from leading causes of death in persons aged 25-44 years, United States, 1982-1994. AIDS death rates steadily increased to become, in 1993, the leading cause of death in this age group. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CDC/NCHS/National Vital Statistics Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Public Health Image Library Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource digital https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8e8c2c25ac96b1446a81248e68482725.pdf c96f680da979c92a841a1343e108e2a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource LEAFLET – CDC and Peace Corps Subject The topic of the resource Description An account of the resource "A Partnership Driven to Stop EBOLA," a small leaflet showcasing the collaboration between CDC and the Peace Corps during the Ebola response. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Peace Corps Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 - 2016 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2014.526.001