77 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/648d36c46d54780c67b882d1fba75342.jpg 3e8fe71058b67e6ff5d3a85d37407cdc Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 370 Width 304 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/3633352cf7efc9a370c33b26945e887b.pdf ae08de8315ee092134fa132104ba289a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:16:28 Player html for embedded player to stream video content <div style="padding:100% 0 0 0;width:100%;"><iframe style="width:100%;height:1500px;" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132670?embed=true" frameborder="0"></iframe></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JEFFERY, GEOFFREY M. Description An account of the resource Entomologist Dr. Geoff Jeffery tells about his involvement in laboratory and anti-malarial work with NIH, MCWA, TVA, and in the newly formed Communicable Disease Center. Interviewed by Karen Torghele and Mary Hilpertshauser Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 27, 2011 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/137518ae4560d9f565fc472b54b50b08.jpg e1c371e5a0eaf4f1bf6f7c1ee4dccb83 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8fc7271cbea95f5e9c5e86ef8a1deb89.pdf 9e0de0634a22cdb96da64b2fd709a5fd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=DanJerniganXML.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JERNIGAN, DANIEL Description An account of the resource Dr. Daniel B. Jernigan, director of the Influenza Division in CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, talks about his role in the agency’s 2014-16 Ebola epidemic response. Dr. Jernigan served as an Ebola response team lead in Sierra Leone in late 2014 and early 2015, and then served as the incident manager in the Atlanta Emergency Operations Center during spring and summer 2015. A PDF OF THIS INTERVIEW CAN BE FOUND AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 27, 2016 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8beae8409a7e5268a2406939344b2c48.jpg 920a05a6010482f92ca53dcc7514841a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Polio Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JET INJECTOR INSPECTION – Georgia Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of a physician examining a jet injector during polio vaccinations in Columbus, Georgia. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/ae83d1aeaa4c4001bb39e4da3e38aaad.jpg 926341f9bc670df774a67376d4ee79a1 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 516 Width 782 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource photographs digital images still image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/158f0 emory:158f0 Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO Transport Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 83687 bytes image/jpeg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robbins, Gordon (Photographer); CDC Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource JIM HICKS – Nigeria Description An account of the resource A color photograph of Jim Hicks, Regional Operations Officer, on a ferry from Freetown, Sierra Leone, to Lagos, Nigeria. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/ad50ff8724ea3b8422d8989c5055dd66.tiff 785b1fd0c71ef5f2bb8c00b055d02c3b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JIMMY CARTER VISITING CDC Description An account of the resource Former President Jimmy Carter visits a CDC laboratory in the Immunology Division. Dr. Steven McDougal is on his right, Dr. Janet Nicholson sits at the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter [FACS] Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Public Health Image Library ID# 8410 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CDC/ Carter Center Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Public Health Image Library ID# 8410 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Public Health Image Library ID# 8410 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image is in the public domain and thus free of any copyright restrictions. As a matter of courtesy we request that the content provider be credited and notified in any public or private usage of this image. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 8410 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/059547fdb0aac9be3318030699b7a8fc.JPG 90aaa019e5d42575ee3e8eaedea1b176 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e362ad90579ec29a5bfc11ae1050be10.pdf cb7cd1f38a367f333a4b4f454ae72713 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <div style="padding:100% 0 0 0;width:100%;"><iframe style="width:100%;height:1600px;" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132671?embed=true" frameborder="0"></iframe></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JONES, BOISFEUILLET Description An account of the resource President of the Trebor Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia. Boisfeuillet Jones at the 4th Annual Mountin Lecture recounts early history of CDC and Emory relationship, he is introduced by Dr. William Foege Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 26, 1983 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2011.230.mp4 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8b9c462f3530d09fa81852c6e0d80620.JPG 20b928b19c2eef0a8923b655c1426567 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <div style="padding:100% 0 0 0;width:100%;"><iframe style="width:100%;height:1600px;" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132672?embed=true" frameborder="0"></iframe></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JONES, BOISFEULLIT Description An account of the resource IInterview with Boisfeuillet Jones, who was vice president of Emory University from 1946 to 1960 and then Jones served as President Kennedy's special assistant for health and medical affairs and worked with President Johnson to shape the legislation for Medicare. He returned to Atlanta to head the Emily and Ernest Woodruff Foundation and the Robert W. Woodruff Foundation. Interviewed by Bill Watson, former Deputy Director and Dr. William Foege, CDC. AUDIO only for the first 24 minutes. 12/6/1988. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 6, 1988 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2011.116.mp4 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/0843abd88cc294f90db33766f4b7c825.jpg 734a6e2a6c9efd7069a6aa95d953dcdc https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/3384eae5eb6f0643c7cd40f8547f017b.pdf 422a478224aa92acdf2b855c7dce12da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong>Interview Transcript </strong> INTERVIEW Audio File: Stephen Jones Audio File Transcribed: January 30, 2009 Interviewer: This is an interview with Stephen Jones on July 11th, 2008 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia about his role in the smallpox eradication project. With this interview we're hoping to capture for future generations the memories of participants and their families involved in eradicating smallpox. This is an incredibly important and historic achievement and we want to hear about your experiences. I have some questions to guide you but please feel free to recount any special stories or anecdotes that you remember about events or people. The legal agreement you signed says that you are donating the oral history to the U.S. federal government and it will be in the public domain. For the record could you please state your full name and that you know you're being recorded. Interviewee: Full name is T. Stephen Jones and I acknowledge that I'm being recorded and agreed to that. Interviewer: Very good. Thanks for coming in today Steve and I guess [inaudible 01.15] good place to start would be before you ever came to CDC and I'm curious about have you - did you always want to be a physician? And so think back to your early days and when you went to college and if you could talk a little bit about what you wanted to do when you were getting out of high school? Interviewee: Well I had a great interest in science and math and at the time of the Sputnik there was a big U.S. government response including setting high school students working in engineering companies and I went to work at the Salvenia Company near Boston and pretty quickly came to the conclusion I wasn't really interested in engineering. And I had always been interested by medicine and that just took over my future planning. So that's how I got into medicine basically. Interviewer: And then did you intend from the beginning to go into public health or did you see yourself more as practicing clinical medicine? Interviewee: Well when you go to medical school and you - and I was trained in medical medicine, you're in a world where all the values are academic medicine and practice. And so I knew relatively little about public health until I was an intern in nineteen sixty nine at the Stanford, [inaudible 03.01] Stanford Hospital and had to take into consideration that as a healthy male doctor I was going to be drafted into government service and probably spend a year in Vietnam. And at Stanford there was Dr. Tom Merrigan a very good infectious disease doc, talked about the communicable disease center as a potential option and knew about this program called the epidemic intelligence service. So I applied for EIS and Mike Greg was my interviewer and although it was a little bit - I applied late and it wasn't clear I was going to get in. Then I - so I was in the EIS class of nineteen sixty nine and I was posted to Alaska and had an extraordinary experience there. But finishing there I wanted to live and work overseas and I went to Guatemala and worked as a primary care doc for a year and a half. And was in the process - and was living in Texas in early nineteen seventy four and intending to probably work for LARASA as a clinician in south Texas. And then I received a letter from Lyle Conrad which was sent out I guess to former EIS officers and others and said that CDC were working in cooperation with WHO and trying to recruit people who would be willing to work for three months in India as part of smallpox eradication efforts. And that was such an extraordinary offer it took me only a small fraction of a second to make the decision that I wanted to do that. Interviewer: And were you still with CDC when you were in Texas or were you working with the... Interviewee: No, I had ended my connection to the public health service when I left Alaska and... Interviewer: Okay, and EIS. Interviewee: And EIS, yeah. I was a private citizen. Interviewer: Okay. And so you got the letter from Lyle Conrad inviting you to participate in the smallpox eradication program and about then what was the time frame in terms of how much longer before you - did you come back to Atlanta then for training or? Interviewee: No. There was no - there was nothing - I didn't go to Atlanta. I basically agreed to go and then had, I don't remember what the interval was between the letter and my departure. I went in early to mid June. I flew from Texas to the west coast and then from the west coast to New Delhi and arrived on June fourteenth of -- or sixteenth I can't remember -- of seventy four at the New Delhi airport at two or three o'clock in the morning. Was met by Bill Foege. Interviewer: And then had you ever been to south east Asia before or India? Interviewee: I had - because I lived in a developing country namely Guatemala I sort of assumed I was a seasoned, experienced international traveler or worker or whatever but I found India to be totally overwhelming at least initially partly I'm sure because it was the middle of the hot season and I was substantially jet lagged. But it was an extraordinary experience and much more challenging then central America. Interviewer: Interesting. Where did you - where were you posted in India? Interviewee: I was posted in Bihar and we had some training in New Delhi and then we traveled by train from New Delhi to Patna and it was - this was a coal fired train and I learned about how people who used to travel in trains in those days became covered with the grimy soot of the coal burning engine even though we were in first class. Interviewer: Wow. So were you part of a team in India when you went over as the smallpox? Were there others that were kind of in your cohort or? Interviewee: Yes. There was a group of something on the order of ten to fifteen people who had all been, I guess had responded to this letter from Lyle and other reasons and we were in a group that was trained and we had training from Larry Brilliant and Bill Foege. And when we got to Patna we had - we went to the field where I saw the first person I had ever seen with smallpox and Bill Foege was training us in the basic parts of identifying smallpox and doing the surveillance and containment activities. Interviewer: And was that still in the New Delhi area? Interviewee: No. That was in - that was near Patna. I don't remember where exactly. Interviewer: Okay, okay. And then what do you remember about your early days kind of getting involved with the program, figuring out who your counterparts were going to be? Interviewee: Well I - basically we had this couple of days of training in Patna and then each of us were derived - almost all of us had no prior experience with smallpox or India. We were - and we had a driver, a jeep and a paramedical assistance, a PMA who was basically a translator because most, almost none of us knew any Hindi. And we were sent off to a district to start working with the civil surgeon and the district medical officer and the - I'm now forgetting the chief administrative officer. And I was assigned to Muzaffarpur district which is one district south of the border with Nepal and at that time it was a very simple place. Muzaffarpur town had one restaurant and I stayed in one of these old British empire dock bungalows. And it was quite an experience to get started there because we were - in the beginning the expatriates were - the amount of support that we had at that point was quite limited. It was the PMA, the driver with whom you always had to have this game of trying to make sure the petrol wasn't stolen and then making connections with the local officials and then going out to the basic walks, places where the local medical officers who were in government service were providing family planning and curative services to people and finding the smallpox that was there. And there was plenty of smallpox at that time. Interviewer: You mentioned making sure that the petrol wasn't stolen. I know that Bihar has a reputation of being a I think the lawless state and I'm wondering if it was like that back in the seventies as well and... Interviewee: Well it... Interviewer: ...was it harder than some of the other places in India? Interviewee: Well the - Bihar's reputation in those days was particularly as a place that was very conservative and very quote unquote backward. And when Mrs. Gandhi in an introduction to the history of smallpox in India and eradication she said something like smallpox is a disease of underdevelopment. And in India the places which had better government services and a higher - things worked better such as all of the south, had basically eradicated smallpox already. So smallpox had remained in India was in the places which were more traditional, where there was less economic development, where there was less education. And so that was Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal were the primary areas where smallpox was and that contributed to the pattern of where smallpox was at that time. Interviewer: How did you find out about the smallpox cases that were out in the field? Interviewee: Well, one of the things that had been instituted was a reward system so that people in the general public and health workers could earn and I don't remember what the level was when we started but it was quite low, a small amount of a number of rupees for reporting a case or an outbreak of smallpox once it was confirmed. And so that was one mechanism and the other was that there was an increasing sense among people in India that smallpox was a problem that ought to be dealt with and confronted so there was a - people had a desire to report the smallpox and also presumably to try and get some help dealing with it. Interviewer: What was the reaction of the people who were in the field in the remote rural areas when you showed up with your few colleagues to give the immunizations and to investigate the case? Interviewee: Well, you know the smallpox had been in India for a long time and was such a part of everyday life that there was in fact a deity Sheetla Maha, was smallpox and sort of infectious diseases that involved a rash but more smallpox than anything else. And that was - so there was some belief that smallpox was a blessing or came from deities but on a day to day basis when you - when we would go to a place where there was smallpox, a village where there was one or more cases of smallpox, people were very cooperative and we did a process of finding cases. We had a set of forms for listing cases and then in the beginning doing only a relatively small number of houses, the nearest houses to the home where the or the home or homes where the people lived who had smallpox, enumerating all the people that lived in those houses and vaccinating everyone and keeping track of the evolution of their smallpox vaccinations and finding out where people had - the cases had traveled and giving notifications to other areas that might be affected because someone had traveled to another place. It was a fairly easy to operate system. Interviewer: Do any of your trips back to the villages stand out as exceptional, remarkable, perhaps unique in what you encountered there or the reception of the people to you? Interviewee: Well it was - in the beginning it was all unique and exceptional and extraordinary because here I was, we were dealing with this classic killer. And I guess that the ravages of smallpox and what it could do to people and how it killed people and in particular this form known as flat smallpox where there was just a confluent rash so that people were just all pox, rash. And there was a way that you could particularly with a person who had flat smallpox there was a certain odor that you could smell that you could identify and you could almost make a diagnosis of smallpox based on that. But it was - the devastation to people and families of smallpox was extraordinary and it contributed to my feeling that smallpox was an unmitigated evil. There was no apparent good side to smallpox that I ever could find so it was a worthy adversary. Interviewer: How did they react to use of the jet gun in the little towns, any problems? Interviewee: Now you - I'll help you know the proper history. By then nobody used jet guns. We just used the famous bifurcated needle and so smallpox being historically present in India and a huge problem there people were very familiar with vaccination and vaccination had been done by a variety of methods. So vaccination itself was not really a problem. I mean there was some - there are many schools or ways of medical care including ayurvedic and homeopathic in India. And the people, the practitioners of those types of medicine at times had opposed vaccination for one reason or another. And I can remember having some sort of a debate with a homeopathic doctors about smallpox vaccination. But there were always people - there was always a small number of people who refused to be vaccinated and one of the rules of the expatriates was to help convince people that they ought to be vaccinated. Interviewer: To follow up on one of the comments you made, one of your roles was to convince people that they needed the vaccine. How did you go about doing that? Interviewee: And I was going to extend on that. It became a - it was clearly something that as an expatriate, as somebody from obviously outside of India that the expatriates had a particular possibility of being influential with people that were declining to be vaccinated. And I remember I had many, many, many conversations with people who were declining to be vaccinated. And I remember in particular at least once and I'm sure it was many times, a sign of respect was to touch someone's feet or shoes and I did that multiple times in trying to convince people to be vaccinated. And another thing that you did was to vaccinate yourself so I in the process of a few months in India was - I was - I had vaccinated myself hundreds of times as a way to show people that it was a trivial thing to be vaccinated, a minor process. So those are some of the things. Interviewer: How did your relationship with the translator? Do you - it sounds like you always went in the field to the villages with your translator. Interviewee: Yeah. Interviewer: And how did that develop over time? Interviewee: Well, it - many people - obviously because of the history of India as being part of the British Empire there were many, many people who spoke good English and in particular the government servants and medical officers and all were fluent in English. So it was possible to function a lot without a translator but it was also essential to have somebody who could help you with Hindi. In the end I got to be moderately competent with Hindi and perhaps over estimated my ability to communicate and understand. And it was an important relationship. Your PMA was - the degree to which the PMA was interested, aggressive, concerned, involved was a big deal, while if you had a more passive PMA then expatriate was much less effective obviously. So it was a very important relationship and... Interviewer: When you went out in the fields, excuse me, when you went out in the field did you go for several days at a time from village to village or were these more long days in the field and then back to your headquarters in the evenings? Interviewee: Well, headquarters didn't really exist in those days. We had - I had a room in a dock bungalow which was basically a - if I remember it was a single living space with a bathroom and that was all the office we had. It was very low key and not very well supported in the beginning and as I stayed in Muzaffarpur for probably something on the order of five months and then gradually we got additional resources and we had more staff, more vehicles. We had local young medical officers from India who joined in and medical officers from other parts of India and so it became a much more elaborate operation and a much bigger team as those resources were added and they made a big difference. And so I couldn't tell you exactly when we ended smallpox in Muzaffarpur nor exact - we had - when I arrived it was - there were probably a hundred outbreaks and within four or five months it was essentially taken care of part of which was the weather and the fact that we got into the poor transmission season. But the surveillance and case finding and then containment activity was a very effective tool for slowing and then stopping the spread of smallpox. And what happened is as the number of outbreaks dropped the amount of work that we did with each outbreak could be increased substantially and to some extent that was measured by how many houses we would include in the containment activity. So in the beginning it was a relatively small number of ten or fifteen or twenty and as we got more resources as there were fewer outbreaks it became fifty, a hundred, hundreds of houses. Interviewer: That you would go out and vaccinate at the reporting of one case? Interviewee: We would put a number on and then the houses and household would receive a number and there was a regular thing in which we put the number of people in the household written on the side and the vaccination status of how many of them had - cause you had to - you vaccinated and then you went back to see that - you had a vaccination take and monitored that. So that was part of the containment activity. Interviewer: How long after did you return then? Interviewee: Well, it would be - depending on what was going on you might stay in the local area if you have the time and there were other dock bungalows and other places that you could stay around the district. But when you have a hundred outbreaks you can't visit them, each of them for very long and the typical way that we worked at that time as we were in the field for probably twenty five days out of the month. And then we went to Patna for a couple of days of state level meetings in which we reported on our progress and heard from our colleagues about what was going on and had people like Mahindra Dhata or M. I. D. Sharma from the Indian health side and Bill Foege and Larry Brilliant and others from the WHO side inspire us not that we needed much inspiration. Interviewer: So were you pretty much working seven days a week when you were out in the field? Interviewee: When you're living in the country side in India particularly in nineteen seventy four, there was nothing. There were - I suppose there was some cinema but there was nothing to do and one of the things that always struck me about smallpox is it was an awful disease and it caused tremendous suffering. And so there was a kind of a feedback loop of encouragement or inspiration and so that - because as you could see that if you worked hard then you could reduce the number of cases of smallpox and if you worked even harder you could do that sooner. And then as you got the number of smallpox cases went down then you were sort of getting to the point where you were going to have local control, local eradication and you knew that that was part of a grander plan of eradicating smallpox in Bihar and in India and in the world. And so you had a feedback loop to keep you working harder and harder and harder or at least continue to be putting in tremendous amounts of effort because you were working toward an extraordinary goal of taking this killer disease and getting rid of it, 100% gone. It wasn't a - you didn't have to work - you didn't have to suffer for small gains. You could... Interviewer: Like you could see your - the results of what you were doing? Interviewee: You could see the results and you also knew that if you and everybody else worked hard that you were going to definitively get rid of smallpox. It wasn't something that was done by half or where you settled for a partial victory. We were headed to a 100% eradication which is an extraordinary achievement and in part why smallpox for me was the most - was the peak of my personal - my life and my professional experience. I mean it was an extraordinary one for that part of it and for a number of other things. Interviewer: Right. So you had mentioned that you saw this drastic decline in the smallpox cases in India and I think earlier you mentioned you also spent time then in Bangladesh. Is that about the time then - were you transferred or did you ask to go to Bangladesh or how did that happen? Interviewee: I actually - David Sensor was in India and I'm afraid I can't give the - this was I believe January of nineteen seventy five. And I remember riding on a train with him and I believe with Bill Foege and there was a discussion about - at that point it was clear that India was headed for success and the program in Bangladesh was in deep trouble in terms of having many outbreaks of smallpox. And I was one of the first people to go from the India program to the Bangladesh program as part of the beginning process of helping the Bangladesh program transform itself into what was the sort of India model I guess you would say. Interviewer: Were there differences in the composition of the teams or what were the differences? Interviewee: Well they - I believe this is the case and I'm - this is my impression. India, the India program was a transformed approach, a new approach because earlier in Asia in Pakistan and Afghanistan and other parts of and I think also in the Africa programs although I'm less clear about that, the model was a relatively small number of expatriates who were WHO employee, full time WHO employees, perhaps a dozen or so. And in India what had happened is that there was - it was such a large scale problem that the program model that evolved was the one that I sort of described where first you bring in some significant number of expatriates for short time work and then you amass resources and you have lots more money and government commitment and you provide lots and lots of vehicles. You provide - you pay for more local staff, you recruit the young Indian medical officers so that you have a huge, in the end you have a huge operation that was a sort of - I mean it was a parallel organization to the government and the local government, the government in India and the local government in the states and districts where you worked with a specific purpose. In the Bangladesh program was one where they were working with the old model and they were I think hoping that they would be able to show that the program in India was sort of overkill and that they could achieve smallpox eradication with a relatively small intimate group if you will of expatriates and WHO employees. And I believe that they had been offered resources but felt that they didn't need them. Interviewer: Did you have local counterparts in Bangladesh as well? Interviewee: Oh yeah. Interviewer: And was it - I'm sure a car and a driver and a translator. Interviewee: Yup. Interviewer: Others in addition? Interviewee: That was the pattern everywhere and the - in Bangladesh we had a - there was a different sort of type of expatriate. There were more people with young volunteers who were not medical officers and who came from a wider array of countries. There was more Americans in the India program and we had a lot of - substantial number of people from the U.K. and elsewhere. One of the aspects or the fascinating things of smallpox eradication work in India and Bangladesh was the fact that there was these many nations, people coming together from around the world whether it was the Soviet Union or France or the United Kingdom or the United States or Czechoslovakia or Poland or whatever working together in a team. So that was one of the extraordinary parts of working on smallpox eradication. Interviewer: Steve as we come to a close about this and you had mentioned a little bit about this before about how working in the smallpox eradication program really had a huge impact on your life and how you think about public health. Could you talk just a little bit about that before we close? Interviewee: Sure. I mentioned this aspect of smallpox eradication as this extraordinary in the sense of there was really nothing like the experience you could have of working on a killer that had existed for centuries and centuries and centuries and by your hard labor contributing to getting rid of a plague in the generic sense of it. And that - that's a life experience and I also in that process of work spent or got to know a lot more people from the CDC. And when I finished in Bangladesh in the summer of seventy six it was quite a challenging thing to think about coming back to the United States and changing from this sort of single focused monomania working on smallpox eradication to coming back to a quote unquote real world. And part of what I did was to gain time to get perspective by getting a masters in public health but I was just committed to work on public health. I was intoxicated by the experience and it was clearly something where you could have a huge impact. And my connections - the first work that I did after school of public health was to work on - with the immunization program in the Pan American Health Organization. And then I came back to CDC while working with that program and I was totally committed to public health and had no interest in clinical medicine whatsoever anymore. Interviewer: Thank you. It sounds like - I appreciate you being part of this oral history project and... Interviewee: It's a pleasure. Interviewer: ...just sharing your experience working with the smallpox program in both of those countries, around India and Bangladesh. It just sounds like it's had a tremendous impact and I know that you went on to have a very long and productive career in public health before retiring from CDC. So thank you again. Interviewee: Thank you. </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LJpf8xW7E_w" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JONES, T. STEPHEN Description An account of the resource Dr. Stephen Jones describes his experiences in the smallpox eradication program in India and Bangladesh Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jones, T. Stephen (Interviewee); CDC; Epidemiologist Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 7, 2008 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8705880000 bytes video/x-dv Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16s0t emory:16s0t https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e32d844441b34648333164d267810aa1.jpg dab2aef3959e58239d828a43d709cfc2 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/23241028df29434d63ebb128fdeca0fa.pdf cdfe75d8d5ed74ec1d0158745de5596e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=KorteeJorgborXML.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JORGBOR, KORTEE Description An account of the resource Kortee Jorgbor, head courier for Sinoe County with Riders for Health Liberia, describes his activities in response to the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic. Jorgbor helped educate communities on Ebola virus and how to protect themselves, and also worked in surveillance and case investigation. Toward the end of the epidemic, Jorgbor joined Riders for Health, with which he could transport medical specimens for testing. A PDF OF THIS INTERVIEW CAN BE FOUND AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 11, 2017 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/20bba1c59e645133e805798cb1ce3775.pdf acd8f548077cab73aafcff07556b3141 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JOURNAL ENTRY: Zaire Lab Opening Description An account of the resource Journal entry describing the opening festivities of the Projet SIDA (possibly written by Jonathan Mann). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 8/31/1984 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/a1ebfefd09e1263aa864eb42c1a110c0.pdf 51fdbe693121d39b153eae576f1b5d9e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JUNE 19, 1981 KS BRIEFING Description An account of the resource Kaposi's sarcoma briefing made after the 6/5/1981 MMWR article on increased KS incidence. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/19/1981 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/a820103549fc1b2598a9e24994bb99d4.JPG 578501488ee2fa6282fe276310793bb6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=2016_500_46JuranekDennis.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource JURANEK, DENNIS Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant youtube