72 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/eec6b9366b31961ed746e8dd9667647f.pdf ed4f21801c599a692343b80f273d656b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HTLV-III ANTIBODY TEST: Alternative Testing Sites Description An account of the resource LETTER A letter from Public Health Officials in Philadelphia to Margaret Heckler of HHS urging her to reconsider alternative testing sites for the HTLV-III antibody test. A draft of the response to this letter is attached. This draft was sent to Dr. Dowdle to be edited before sending. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/6/85-4/11/1985 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/89b0370c2b498c62034fdd4ba46038c8.pdf 445d76593c8a26c176702054d22cb4ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HTLV-III ANTIBODY TESTING: Pilot Program Description An account of the resource MEMORANDUM TO: See Distribution List, Drs. Curran, Lamotte, Getchell, et al FROM: Chief, AIDS Diagnostics Laboratory RE: HTLV-III Antibody Testing: Results of Pilot Program Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 31, 1985 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/7b6cb8fdeff6343ba8d353d7cab5a98c.pdf 033ad551467e7db1b86b03b93fcffa17 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HTLV-III SEROPREVALENCE: Kinshasa Description An account of the resource LETTER TO: Dr. Curran FROM: Dr. Mann RE: The Household Study HTLV-III Seroprevalence in Case and Control Households in Kinshasa, Zaire: Evidence for Transmission within Households, which is attached. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 23, (~1986) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/f12d6696f4f166bbf077ad8167e45163.pdf 3bb852dfbf3a575cb9c813b5a6965e05 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HTLV-III/LAV PRECAUTIONS: Prisoner Health Description An account of the resource MEMORANDUM TO: Assistant Director for Medical Science, CID FROM: Assistant Director for Medical Science, DVD RE: Draft 12/6/85: HTLV-III/LAV Precautions in Correctional Care Facilities. This memo regarded how prisons/jails were to handle inmates who also tested positive for the antibodies. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 11, 1985 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/c4f5bc10db412807b7908041e0c268e8.pdf 64122f28eee8bb2d19371abbe979c017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HTLV-III/LAV SEROLOGY Description An account of the resource MEMORANDUM TO: Dr. James W. Curran FROM: Gerald Schochetman, Assistant Director for Laboratory Science, AIDS Program, CID [Center for Infectious Disease] RE: Report on ASTPHLD [Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors] Consensus Conference on HTLV-III/LAV Serology Consenus recommendations Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1986 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/0f6148d2b4a09a7a362e8e546d26ab66.pdf ecfe62f6676bc87a965d2122713cd79f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HTLV-III/LAV TESTING: Western Blot Description An account of the resource MEMORANDUM TO: J. Curran, C. Schable, J. Getchell FROM: Victor C.W. Tsang and J. Steven McDougal RE: "Western Blots" for detection of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies "Western Blot' was a nickname for a relatively new technique called the Enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 19, 1985 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/34b9ae16aab580804a1e311b71016641.JPG d1f2ab4d2a81fd34ade3303c48016259 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HUELLAS PELIGROSAS Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-1991 Description An account of the resource America Responds to AIDS [ARTA] "Huellas Peligrosas" [dangerous tracks] Prevention; Education; Drug Use; Heroin; Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, America Responde Al SIDA https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e95c3a6746d565e4e62e22f19bc8429a.jpg 10756abac48c5e8459664aa27947e166 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ~2005 Description An account of the resource Fact: At least 50% of sexually active people will get genital human papillomavirus [HPV]. HPV; STD; Prophylactics. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Human Papillomavirus https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/971460e6fdb9d37faf3becbda559ae58.jpg ed44158332ffdd6553aa7a49f25211a9 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/95c2a27c193ef501583af6a2881c4c0a.pdf 92510956ba6a318e9a8b148dbb442106 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=DavidHutchinsXML.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HUTCHINS, DAVID Description An account of the resource David M. Hutchins of CDC's Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections briefly reviews his career, then discusses his part in responding to the 2013-16 Ebola epidemic. As chief of staff and deputy chief of staff for CDC's response, Hutchins played an integral role in helping emergency operations in Atlanta run smoothly. A PDF OF THIS INTERVIEW CAN BE FOUND AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 5, 2016 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/b4f8adb1514c501c758d789b3fe8a2d0.jpg 9c73e0db6f283f78014eba2dbb186962 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/b97ed4ebe8f54584b2bf7a4e730ef552.pdf 7fa570935d2cd98756f92c10e2519ff2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> This is an interview with Deane Hutchins about his activities in the West Africa Smallpox Eradication Project. The interview is being conducted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 14, 2006, as a part of the 40th reunion of the West African Smallpox Eradication Project, to mark the launch of the project. The interviewer is Laura Harrar. Harrar: I noted in reading your bio that you were involved in private practice in Boothbay Harbor and then taught at the University of Maine. So how did you even begin to think about taking a leave of absence to join the Smallpox Eradication Program? Hutchins: While at the University of Maine, I was the Director of Clinical Services at the Student Health Center, and I what I thought was influenza. I knew D. A. Henderson [Donald A. Henderson] because he was my classmate in medical school, and I knew he'd been on the surveillance program for influenza. So I called him up and said, "D. A., are you interested in some throat washings of influenza?" And D. A. said, "No, not really," he said, "but would you like to go to Africa?" My wife and I had never talked about this. I went home that noon and talked with her and said I'd seen D. A. She said, "What did you talk about?" and I said, "Nothing in particular. He asked me if I wanted to go to Africa," and she said, "What did you tell him?" I said, "I told him I would call him back." My daughter was home from school, and she went to school and told her teacher we were going to Africa. Within 2 days, I had called D. A. back and said, "Yes, we'd like to go." I got a leave of absence from the university for 2 years. Now, universities don't like to give a 2-year release, but the president of the university had been overseas himself and knew that it was a 2-year assignment. So I got the leave of absence, and we made up our mind and, in July, we came down to CDC and were on our way. Harrar: I noted that you had a major in zoology in your earlier years. Hutchins: Yes. Zoology was just part of the premedical course that we took. Harrar: And why do you think D. A. tapped you to do this? Had you ever imagined that you would be working abroad in public health? Hutchins: No. I'd done a few surveys at the university when they had their usual food outbreaks and tracked that down, but nothing really formal about epidemiology. As I mentioned, I worked with D.A. in the same room with the dissecting tables in medical school, so I knew him well. Harrar: Had you ever imagined that you would work abroad? Hutchins: Not in particular. I'd been overseas during World War II, but nothing beyond that. Harrar: Okay. So you can blame all of this on D.A. Hutchins: Blame it on D.A. Harrar: Okay, all right. Tell me a little bit about your family at the time. Were they excited about this? Was there just the one daughter? Hutchins: We'd never considered going overseas. My wife was excited about it; all 4 daughters were excited about it. And had there been one dissent, I'm sure we'd have thought that we shouldn't do it. But we decided to go and never regretted it at all. Harrar: Would you call your family adventurous and outgoing and curious? Hutchins: I guess the family probably was curious and was moderately outgoing. They had a good time. Harrar: What was the range of your daughters' ages at this point? Hutchins: The oldest one was 14; the youngest was probably 7. Harrar: So, start with the phone call from D. A. Henderson, and tell me what happened then, how you got yourself and your family to Africa. Hutchins: Well, we started preparing to go to Africa, and come June, we packed up our Volkswagen, packed up the car, and drove to Atlanta. Ion the humorous side of things, we sent our Volkswagen bus in June to Nigeria, and we received it the next February, which was par for the course. Harrar: And so, did you need to send an enormous boatload of goods? Hutchins: Yes. We took a lot of things. We had 2 shipments. We had an air shipment of limited pounds, and then we had sea freight, in which you could take most anything you wanted. We read books to find out what we should take. Air freight got there just before Christmas, and we left in October. Sea freight didn't get there until sometime in the spring. Harrar: Was it a pretty big culture shock for you and your family? Talk to me about the language issues and some of the cultural changes that they had to get used to. Hutchins: The cultural shock hit us, I think, the worst right in Lagos, which is a capital city. From the airport into the center of the city, it's pretty raw. The smells are terrible, as you may well remember. It wasn't unusual to see a dead body on the street, and it would stay there for a day or 2. Most of the people we dealt with could speak English, so that wasn't a big problem. When we got up to Kaduna in northern Nigeria, we did try to pick up the local language, Hausa, enough so that we could say good morning, how are you, where's the bathroom, how do I get home, what time is it, and that type of thing. Harrar: Would you say that you were welcomed by the local people? Hutchins: Definitely. The local people were very nice. I never felt uncomfortable. And this was right before the Biafran War had started. But about 2 weeks before we went to Kaduna, they'd killed about 30,000 Ibo people who were living up there. So you'd go by these houses that were strictly empty and burned out, and we didn't realize the significance of it at the time, but, in retrospect, it was a little bit scary. Harrar: How did you and your wife feel about this once you got there and you realized what you had brought your family into? Hutchins: It was an adventure. I don't think we ever felt uncomfortable. There were problems like communications. We were there for 2 years, and to call the United States, you had to book the call ahead of time. Then they would call London, London would call New York, then New York would call where you were calling. One time I did get through on the telephone. You were limited to 3 minutes, but my 3 minutes were used up by the time they got through, and I could just barely hear my father say, "Hello." Then the operator said, "Your time is up." And I said, "Would you at least tell him that we're all right?" That was quite an experience. We had a telephone in our house all the time we were there. It worked just 3 months. The military government took over the country. We lived right beside the military governor, and I know our telephone number was given to him. But that wasn't too bad because no one else had telephones either, so you couldn't call anybody. Harrar: So, did your family feel isolated at all, do you think? Hutchins: I don't think they felt isolated. All of my daughters went to school in Kaduna. The second semester, my oldest daughter went to an international school down in Ibadan, 400 miles from Kaduna. The problem there was that there was just one bridge across the Niger River, and this was after fighting had started; if they'd blown that bridge, it would have been difficult to get to my daughter. Two other daughters went to a missionary school in Joss, which was an American school 150 miles from Kaduna. During the rainy season, you couldn't drive, so it was a mixed situation. Harrar: Transport, yes. And what was your exact role on the Smallpox Eradication Program? Hutchins: I was the Medical Officer in the Northern Region of Nigeria. Two Operations Officers worked with us. Harrar: So on a day-to-day basis, describe for me your activities and the range of challenges that you had. Hutchins: Well, let me tell you a little bit about our office. We lived in an ex-Minister of Finance house. This is a Muslim country, 90% Muslims. So they had a long tunnel that went from the house out to the wives' quarters. There were 7 apartments out there, 4 for wives and 3 for the concubines. Well, since the Minister had been kicked out of his house, the Ministry gave it to us to live in. We had our offices out in the old wives' quarters, which was crude but convenient. It wasn't very nice, but at least it was a place where we could sit down. Harrar: I thought you were going to say you installed your daughters. Hutchins: Well, I did have a kid come up to me and want to buy my daughter, but I told him she wasn't for sale. He was serious, I think. Harrar: On a day-to-day basis, what kinds of things were you involved in as a Medical Officer? Hutchins: I was concerned about the quality of the organization of the eradication program, smallpox reporting, and the vaccinating teams. As the reports of smallpox came in, we would investigate the outbreak and visit the various smallpox hospitals. That's about it, I guess. Harrar: Was there a strong sense of collegiality among the people working on the effort? Hutchins: Yes. We had 3 groups of teams, and each group had about 10 teams; there were 7 people in each team. So we had well over 100 Nigerians who were taught to give smallpox vaccinations. Now, most of them had not gone beyond 7th grade, but they were classified as health workers. We would teach them how to give smallpox vaccine with the jet injector and how to take care of the vaccine. We stressed very strongly that the vaccine should be kept cold at all times. We told the drivers of the trucks to turn their refrigerators off-these were kerosene refrigerators-while moving along, and when they got to the destination, the first thing they should do is turn the refrigerator back on. Well, I came across one truck one day, and it was probably 100°F or so in the sun. He'd broken down. My first reaction was to put my hand down in the freezer to see if it was cold. It was hot. So I started giving him a bad time. "But, master," he says, "you said to turn it on when I got to my destination," and, of course, he was a long way from his destination. But you could tell stories like this end on end. Harrar: What do you think were the biggest obstacles that you faced, that you had to find a way around? Hutchins: Communications, there's no question. For me to get in touch with my boss, Stan Foster [Stanley O. Foster], in Lagos was almost impossible. And to do it by courier took a long time, maybe another week or so, before you'd get an answer back. But communication, by all means, was difficult. Transportation of vaccine-getting it from Lagos to Kaduna- was also difficult. I remember one time we were having problems with this, so we had one of the Americans put it on the plane in Lagos. We got to Kaduna, and the vaccine was not there. Unbelievable. To this day I don't know where it was. And we're talking about several thousand dollars' worth of vaccine. Harrar: When you were training the Nigerians, did you also learn things from them? Hutchins: Oh, yes. Harrar: Can you elaborate on that 2-way process? Hutchins: I guess, overall, the biggest thing you learn from all developing countries is that you're not going to change them a whole lot. They've been doing something one way, and they're going to continue doing it about the same way. The first morning that we officially vaccinated, I had a schedule all made out. At 7:00, the driver is to be there; 8:00, we'd move out; at 9:00, we'd start vaccinating. Well, to begin with, the drivers didn't show up till after 9:00, and this was probably typical of where we worked. Harrar: Were there comical things that happened along the way? Hutchins: Oh, yes. Well, thievery in developing countries is always a problem. We had these kerosene refrigerators, and kerosene was worth good money. So I went out one morning, and here's this fellow with a 5-gallon can of kerosene in his hand. "Oh," he says, "I'm not stealing, I'm putting it back." I guess one of the funniest things that I remember concerned Dr. Foege [William H. Foege]. He had been in eastern Nigeria, and then the Biafran War broken out, and so they asked him to leave. He came up to northern Nigeria, where I was, and he said he would like to see some of my teams operating. So I gave him a truck and a driver, and he went out. About 3:00 in the afternoon, the Minister of Health called me and says, "Where's that Dr. Foege? You know, he came up from the east," where, of course, there was fighting. And I said, "He's up- country." And so they got the army out and picked him up that evening-they wouldn't let him break down his tent-and, under armed guard, brought him back to my house. Well, Dr. Foege is a very tall person to put in the back of a Land Rover, especially with an armed guard on both sides of him. And to hear Bill tell the story, he says, "I nudged one of these soldiers and said, 'Would you mind moving that rifle over? It's hurting my leg.'" Harrar: Can't you just hear him saying that? Hutchins: Yeah. Harrar: Oh, boy. Okay. I understand that you were involved in tracing monkeypox to humans in the 1970s. Hutchins: Yes. That was in Sierra Leone. I got a call about a case of smallpox in a small village. Well, this was after we thought smallpox had been eradicated from Sierra Leone. So I went out to this village and finally found the case. Clinically, it resembled smallpox; you couldn't tell that it wasn't smallpox. So I took a brief history and checked to see who had been vaccinated against smallpox, and this patient had not been vaccinated. I got some samples and sent them back to CDC. Well, again, communications. Two or 3 weeks later, I got a cable back saying, "This is smallpox. Look for other cases" because you can't have one case of smallpox without having another case. So I started looking. After a few days, I got another cable from CDC saying, "This is not smallpox. It's monkeypox." If you grow it out on the allantoic membrane of chick embryos, you can differentiate the 2 viruses. So I went back to the village again and took a better history, and, sure enough, this fellow had prepared a monkey to eat about 12 days before onset of his illness. This was a tribe that ate monkeys. He was the only one who had not been vaccinated against smallpox; the rest of the village had been vaccinated. This was good evidence that the smallpox vaccination also protected him against monkeypox. Harrar: Can you tell me a little bit more about the experience in Sierra Leone? How did it differ from the experience in Nigeria? Hutchins: Well, the day before we left the United States to go to Sierra Leone, WHO [World Health Organization] had reported cholera in West Africa for the first time, and so I called up CDC to get some information on it. I think I talked with Gene Gangarosa or one of the fellows in the enteric group, and they gave me what information they had on it off the top of their head. I arrived at the airport in Freetown, and reporters were there asking how we were going to eradicate cholera; like we had eradicated smallpox? Of course, I didn't have any answers for them. It's a different disease, and you can't eradicate it like that. So I spent most of my time with the cholera program that we developed while we were there. Harrar: Were there things that you learned about public health in West Africa that you have been able to apply in your career since, either in some of these international places you worked or back in Maine? Hutchins: Well, if you see an outbreak of something, you take a different approach to it. Most practicing MDs aren't really interested in epidemiology, although you became interested in it once you'd seen how it can really help. Harrar: Is there anything that you wish you could have done differently in the way the program was run? Hutchins: Well, getting back to the communications, there wasn't too much that you could do to improve communications in those days. Today, of course, it's so much different. Harrar: And how would you say that this experience had an impact on your wife and children? Hutchins: Well, having lived with a different culture, especially a black culture, my kids have no racial bias at all. I don't know if I mentioned this before, but my oldest daughter went to school with 500 Nigerian schoolgirls, and I think there were 3 other expatriates in that school. My daughter has long blonde hair. The Nigerian girls were fascinated with this, and they'd come up and they'd feel her hair. She learned a lot. And the other kids went to various and sundry schools. Harrar: So your wife wasn't one who said, "How dare you make a decision like that?" Hutchins: Well, we had a good time the first 2 years in Nigeria. We went back to the States and swore we'd never go overseas again. We were back about 3 months, and we decided, "Well, gee, we really had a good time," so we went back to Sierra Leone. After Sierra Leone, I went with the State Department, taking care of the American Embassy personnel in these other countries. Harrar: So it turned you into adventurers for the rest of your life. Hutchins: Yes. And 2 of my daughters lived overseas after they were married. Harrar: Did any of them go into health? Hutchins: Two are nurses, and one married a doctor. Harrar: So, could you comment on the problems of health workers and how you could see that getting solved today, I mean from your experience seeing the need for trained health personnel? Hutchins: I realized that you could train uneducated people to do a health program. For example, these vaccinators that we had had very little education. Sterile technique was still unheard of, and we didn't really use much sterile technique. We did not clean off arms before people were vaccinated. We told the vaccinators that if they dropped the nozzle of the jet injector on the ground, clean it off with some alcohol or something. They would just brush it off and put it back on. We did studies to see if there were any adverse effects, and there was no significant increase in infections from this lack of sterile technique. Harrar: And do you think that people can be trained who maybe haven't had an advanced education to do many of the tasks of public health? Hutchins: Yes. Especially something that's repetitive can be taught to most anyone. Matter of fact, there are places in West Africa now where they teach local people to do eye surgery. You know, it's one simple procedure, but they do it, and they have very good success with it. Harrar: I've heard it said, too, that if one wanted to really solve the problem of maternal mortality, if you could get some basic anesthesia capacity and some basic cesarean-section capacity, you could do an awful lot in field hospitals to save women's lives. Hutchins: Yes. I think there are places where they've taught the local technician to do cesarean sections. It's not that difficult. Now, if they run into problems, well, that is a problem, and they probably couldn't solve it. But 9 out of 10 go along as planned. Harrar: Better than obstructed labor? Hutchins: Yes. Harrar: Is there anything I can ask you that you haven't had a chance to speak about that you would like to? Hutchins: Well, it was a great experience. I would not recommend it to anyone if one member of the family didn't want to go overseas. As I said, I worked for the State Department Medical Program overseas afterwards. I saw some families that were sent over there and there'd be one dissenting family, and invariably that whole family was unhappy. They either had to be shipped out or would quit. Harrar: But, fortunately, you had a family full of adventurous people and curious people. Hutchins: Yes. Our kids were great, and my wife was great, and we had a good time. Harrar: Well, thank you so much. I really appreciate it. # # # </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bSeEm8DoyLg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource interviews motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15nsh emory:15nsh Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO Monkeypox Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 6459240000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harrar, Linda (Interviewer); NOVA Hutchins, Deane (Interviewee); CDC; Epidemiologist Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource HUTCHINS, DEANE Description An account of the resource Dr. Hutchins was assigned to Nigeria and Sierra Leone as part of the Smallpox Eradication Program. In addition to information about living conditions and training of local staff he describes the finding of monkeypox in Sierra Leone. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/a70b2a18bd357145fb84b7c0f0b242c3.jpg 6f9dabd9271fe39706b6de3ece41793e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 866 Width 1305 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource photographs digital images still image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-1970 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/1599j emory:1599j Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO CDC Culture Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 123750 bytes image/jpeg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charter, Russ (Photographer); CDC Title A name given to the resource HUTS – Chad Description An account of the resource A color photograph of huts in Bedo, Chad. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/26366f2d63090f350c74592d332511bc.jpg 8a97f0323baae7fa3f20e42115e602c8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ~1990s Description An account of the resource Business Responds to AIDS [BRTA] Labor Responds to AIDS [LRTA] HIV @ WORK: More people are living and working with HIV than ever before. College grad, on the fast track, rainmaker potential, good with people, living with HIV. HIV hasn't gone away. Neither have the complex HR issues it raises. Can you handle discrimination and return-to-work questions? Or protect employee morale and productivity? Be prepared. Add HIV/AIDS to your employee health and wellness programs and include it in all relevant workplace policies. After all, taking care of people is taking care of business. Get free workplace policy and education information. Check www.hivatwork.org. Or call 1-800-458-5231. HIV is still in business. Advertisement geared towards college graduates about to enter the workforce. Education; Workplace; Youth; Young Adults; Relationships; Colleagues; Employers; Community Outreach Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Business Responds to AIDS (BRTA), Labor Responds to AIDS (LRTA). Title A name given to the resource HV@WORK