63 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e071d4f13d4991c048dc82c953b6085d.jpg 2f92a3c38a87b14fb6e470ddb609cc6f Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 1354 IPTC Array a:1:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:10:"adr studio";} IPTC String copyright_notice:adr studio Width 1744 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GROUND WATER MEASURMENT – Emory Field Station Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of a researcher measuring ground water near the Emory University Field Station, in Baker County, Georgia as part of a cooperative endeavor of Emory University, the Georgia Department of Public Health, the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Public Health Service's Malaria Control in War Areas program to study the natural occurrence of Malaria. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library (MARBL), Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University, 540 Asbury Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322-2870 www.marbl.library.emory.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10923.jpg https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8416bd00d465d291dcb3c146f57d80f9.jpg 3cee45bc508fceb4a9eacd2977e44ec4 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 1304 IPTC Array a:1:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:10:"adr studio";} IPTC String copyright_notice:adr studio Width 1719 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GROUND WATER MEASURMENT – Emory Field Station Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of a researcher measuring ground water near the Emory University Field Station, in Baker County, Georgia as part of a cooperative endeavor of Emory University, the Georgia Department of Public Health, the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Public Health Service's Malaria Control in War Areas program to study the natural occurrence of Malaria. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library (MARBL), Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University, 540 Asbury Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322-2870 www.marbl.library.emory.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10925.jpg https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/03366ae07aa99a46e16089b8b6909bfd.jpg 70fc7bfe6269854974ea5a8562d278fb https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/02e755c5a54c9000fe67ff1334fc047e.jpg 5095f7f1bb6d6a166eb30b41825ddb10 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GUIDEBOOK – Liberia Description An account of the resource Soldiers' Culture Guide to Ebola Affected Areas: Liberia. A small booklet with information on the cultural and historical context of Liberia given to CDC deployers during the Ebola response. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US Department of Defense (DOD) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 - 2016 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2016.003.031 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/8e438aaa10a74e5c1974eaefe3cee086.pdf 1b08b2ae5c785ad62f03c3ab736968d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GUIDELINES Description An account of the resource “Guidelines for Health Education and Community Mobilization in Dracunculiasis Eradication Programs,” a sixty-five-page guide with text addressing Guinea worm eradication and prevention. Produced by the World Health Organization (WHO), Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Global 2000 Carter Center. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource World Health Organization, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Global 2000 Carter Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-2001 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017.048.184 David J. Sencer CDC Museum https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/5d734aba6823911cef25d2643dded52c.jpg 14f1fb3facbe5394109e9b59616aecfe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GUIDELINES – Zambia Description An account of the resource A leaflet: "Faith and Community Initiative: Caring," produced in Zambia asking people to follow government guidelines to stop the spread of COVID-19 with a message of religious community and togetherness amid social distancing. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Circle of Hope, Ministry of Health Zambia, The United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 - 2021 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2023.001.003 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/189c6990eb95656e8ffa65d0f8bb8ee1.jpg fc484870df069fb62562aa7cae6e7ba4 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/03c080dab62178c653cac747f195f221.pdf 8b86e28aa2301d6f1ecb3e5fcd68ad68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> Interview Dr. Mary Guinan | with Interviewer Melissa McSwigan Transcribed: January 28 2009 | Duration 0:54:36 Melissa McSwigan: This is an interview with Mary Guinan on July10, 2008 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, about her involvement with the Smallpox Eradication Program. The interview is being conducted as part of our reunion, marking the 40th anniversary of the program in Asia and East Africa. The interviewer is Melissa McSwigan. Now, with this interview, we are hoping to capture for future generations the memories of participants and their families involved in eradicating smallpox from Asia and East Africa. This is an incredibly important and historic achievement and we want to hear about your experience. I have some questions to guide you, but please, feel free to recount any special stories or anecdotes that you remember about events or people. So you sign the legal agreement which says that you were donating the oral history to the U.S. Federal Government and it will be in the public domain. You will have a chance to edit the transcribed interview and add or delete information as you see fit before it is made public. So at this point, I'm going to ask you to state your full name and that you know the interview is being recorded. Mary Guinan: I'm Mary Guinan and I know this interview is being recorded. Melissa McSwigan: Okay perfect. Could you maybe start out by talking about how your education and upbringing led you into working in Public Health? Mary Guinan: Well-I'm not sure how my education and upbringing brought me into Public Health, but I'll tell you how I decided that I wanted to be part of the Smallpox Eradication Program. I was born in New York City, a child of immigrants. My parents were immigrants from Ireland. They were farmers. They had maybe three years of education, 3rd Grade education level and they came to follow the American dream. There were lots of political persecutions in Ireland and they were - and it wasn't a good time. So they met on a ship coming here. Neither of them knew anyone here in America and they established a presence in New York. My dad worked with the Subway, the New York City Subway System. My mom had a job as a dressmaker I think first, and then she was working in a house as an Assistant to the Chef, in a house in New York. Many Irish women came to America worked as servants or assistants with large wealthy families and that's what my mother did; and they eventually got married years later - five years later. The Irish were very slow at this. I grew up in New York City and they believed in education. They believed that that was the way to move ahead and they loved this country because of its freedom and lack of persecution for your political views and they were very, very - they were very loyal Americans and felt that this was really an important place to be and that we should be grateful-I was the middle of five children- we should be grateful for being born in this country and for exactly what we had available to us. So when I was a young teenager my dad died very suddenly and my mother had no means of support and we all got jobs to work our way through school; and I worked my way through school and graduated from high school. I worked my way through college. I wanted to be a physician, but women weren't being admitted to medical school then; and also, one of the criteria for medical school was that you had to have money to pay for it; and there weren't scholarships available or other things available to students like me who really didn't have the means to do that. So I decided then that I would pursue other things. I majored in Chemistry in college and when I graduated, I couldn't get a job because they didn't hire woman Chemists. So I was interested in - I got a job in a Chewing Gum Factory... Melissa McSwigan: Really! Mary Guinan: ...making chewing gum. It was the American Chicle Company and they made Chiclets and all sorts of chewing gum. Black Jack chewing gum was one of them and I was the Flavor Chemist. I was hired as a Flavor Chemist so part of my job was making new flavors, developing new flavors of chewing gum. It was not terribly rewarding kind of existence, but there wasn't really much available for women then and I try to look for fellowships and I applied to many schools, to graduate school, and I was rejected mostly because I was a woman; and if I was accepted, I couldn't get a fellowship program because they didn't give them to women at that time. But at the time the Space Program was in full bloom and with Sputnik, President Kennedy had said we wanted to be on the moon; that we were going to the moon; and there were lots of became-available fellowships for scientists. They wanted scientists to be in the Space Program and I've decided that I wanted to be an astronaut. So I found out that the University of Texas was where the Space Program was, near NASA in Texas, Clear Lake City, but the University of Texas Medical Branch in Texas had a program for scientist in Aerospace Medicine and that the Director of the Medical Program, Chuck Berry - Dr. Chuck Berry, had an appointment at the University of Texas there. So I applied there to get my PhD in Physiology and Space Medicine and I wanted to be an astronaut. Of course I didn't tell anybody then that I wanted to be an astronaut because women didn't do those sorts of things. So I went to Texas and people in New York said: You won't last there-about six months. You know you're a New York person born and brought up in New York. But I did, I lasted four years and I went to NASA. I applied - all of my class in physiology and space medicine there at the University took a test for the Astronaut Program and I was the only woman who took it and I was the only one who passed the test. The reason I passed the test was I had 20/20 vision; and all the other people wore glasses. I mean that - and you also had to fit into the capsule. It was like the old days of being a flight attendant, you had to be a certain height and weight and not wear glasses. But I knew that it was unlikely that I was going to be an astronaut, that there was a great deal of competition for it. So I finished my - but I got to see all the astronauts, I took classes at NASA. The astronauts, you know like John Glenn and Neil Armstrong gave classes and talked about their experiences in space. It was really exciting; I was really excited as a Scientist; and I did a post doctoral fellowship; I got a Post Doctoral Fellowship at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland; and it was during the Vietnam War and I actually had gotten a place that was for a man who had been drafted. So I filled in and I knew that I wouldn't really be there very long because they saved the places for men who had been drafted and had gone to war; and it was very difficult for me to get a job at NIH because I didn't have an MD degree, and my mentor there at NIH said to me, "It would be so easy to get you a job if you had an MD." You know, this is always the case, you know, if you just did this, you know, we could get you a job. So I applied to two medical schools. Since I was living in Maryland, I applied to the University of Maryland to Johns Hopkins; and I got rejected from the University of Maryland and accepted at Johns Hopkins which tells you something about the crazy system we have about being accepted into medical school. I was very grateful because I was sort of an alternative student. I didn't go from college to medical school. I had done this detour and had been in Texas which most people think: What in God's name did you go to Texas for? In Texas, people said, "What is this New York girl doing in Texas?" So I think one of the presumption was I try and find a rich husband, you know, a Texas oil man or something and that was the assumption-there weren't very many women doing graduate work. So I went to medical school and I graduated from Johns Hopkins in 1972 and during that time period, I was continuing my career, I had done my PhD, my doctorate in physiology in the area of blood coagulation and I was wanting to continue my career and be a hematologist, oncologist, and go in academic medicine. That's what I thought I would want to do. Never thought about public health, didn't really know about public health. I went to medical school at Johns Hopkins where one of the premiere Public Health Schools in the nation is, and took courses but really had no interest in public health at that time. But I was interested in tropical medicine and I did a tropical medicine fellowship in Mexico during my senior year at Hopkins and was interested in tropical medicine. Then, as I was graduating, this was the end of the 60's and beginning of the 70's and what happened during my last year of medical school really changed my life, in that what happened was Kent State happened. People were killed for demonstrating. This is a free country, our Government. The United States Government, which I was very proud of being an American and was very, very upset about what happened in the anti-war demonstrations that went on; and then these students in Kent State were killed, unarmed students, by the National Guards that had been even called out. People killed and I thought: What has happed to this country that I live in? How can this be-that we're living in this country where they're killing unarmed demonstrators? Our whole history of our country was revolution and fighting for freedom and doing what we thought was right. So what happened was I decided I wasn't sure what I was going to do and so in my senior year I read in this magazine, sort of like a magazine at Hopkins about the Smallpox Eradication Program. That there was this idea to eradicate smallpox in the world and I thought, "Isn't that wonderful? What a great idea that we could eliminate a scourge. It would be the first time in history that by the design of man or woman, there would be a human disease eliminated from the world and smallpox, a very frightening disease." But you know, I just thought that, "Isn't that a wonderful idea?" I didn't really think about it much. Then after that Kent State and I started doing my internship in Internal Medicine with the idea that I would go on to be a hematologist and do a fellowship in hematology, oncology; and as I was going, during my senior of medical school, I was on the clinical service with someone who was going to be an EIS Officer at the CDC. I had no idea what an EIS Officer was and he told me that it was the Epidemic Intelligence Service at CDC. I said, "What's that?" He said it was a two-year program and you go there and you learn how to be an epidemiologist, which I really didn't have any interest in. Then I saw this other article in the Hopkins Journal Magazine. You know, they have an internal magazine, about this Smallpox Eradication Program worldwide, and how our Government was participating in it, our Government. So I thought, "Wouldn't that be wonderful to be part of a Government Program that was really doing something wonderful?" Then I found out that the people who were going were being assigned from CDC, so you had to come to CDC and somehow get a job at CDC and then you could be assigned to the Smallpox Eradication Program. So I talked to my friend at Hopkins about this program and he said, "Yes, it's EIS Officers who were going over there on the Smallpox Eradication Program." So I applied to the EIS Program and in 1973 I guess, I was accepted; and I came to interview and I was the only woman physician in my class that was accepted, and during that time, when you are hired at CDC you are hired in the commission core of the public health service which was an alternative to military service and the draft was still ongoing. So people would say, "We're not accepting women here because if we do, another guy has to go to Vietnam. So we're not accepting women." During the interview I was told this when I came to CDC for the interview. So I wasn't sure that I would be accepted, but I was. I don't know why, but I was. I was accepted into the program and so I came as an EIS Officer. I was assigned to hospital infections that's in bacterial diseases then and I would go - we used to have a Tuesday morning seminar in Auditorium-B every week for all the EIS Officers and we'd attend this meeting and there'd be announcements at the beginning and every time somebody from the smallpox program would go up and say, "We are looking for volunteers for the Smallpox Eradication Program." You know it was a three or four-month assignment in India now was the part; and I applied to go and they told me, they were not taking women. Now, Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India so it's like to say, "Well, how is it possible?" That was the first round and then each week, you know, they'd have somebody and finally, Phil Brachman was head of the EIS Program and I said, "You know, I keep volunteering and I keep getting turned down, but I don't know why. Can you tell me what the criteria are?" So I think they thought I might make a fuss because I actually had made a little bit of a fuss although I didn't think it was a big deal, but everybody else thought it was a big deal. When I applied to the EIS, I was accepted, but we had to get three references from physicians who knew us, and they sent me the reference sheets that had to be completed and it was: "Will you please rate this candidate on his background on his - whatever he does and is he a leader? Is he going to..." You know, there wasn't a parenthesis with "she" and so I sent back the forms, I said, "I'm sorry. I'm a woman. Do you have forms for women?" and apparently that caused some issues here at CDC before I arrived, so they figured, "Oh, oh-this is trouble coming." They wrote back and said, "We do not discriminate, but we don't have any female forms." So, they crossed out the "he" and put "her" and "she" in the appropriate spots. So when I came, I think that there was an idea that maybe - feminism was just sort of coming into existence. It really didn't exist until later; it was funny. So there was this worry I think so finally, they said, "You're going. You're going to India." So I went in December of '74 through early May of '75. Melissa McSwigan: Okay. So that was about six months that you were in India? Mary Guinan: Probably less-somewhere in there. Melissa McSwigan: And what was your exact role while you were in India? Mary Guinan: What our roles were was that we would be assigned to a district, some district area that - and you did surveillance for smallpox, looked for smallpox cases and then if you found one, you quarantine the case and then surrounded it with a ring of immunity in a five or 10-mile radius around because smallpox spread locally; and this have been demonstrated in India, actually Bill Foege who really was a person who worked this out and really is probably one of the people responsible for the eradication of smallpox. Because he was in Africa and he probably told the story and you've heard it, but they would have a shortage of vaccine and they tried to figure out how to use it appropriately and they theorized that smallpox spread locally. So what you need to do is to surround the populate of the infected person with a ring of immunity and then it won't spread because it only spreads from person to person. There's no environmental reservoir for smallpox. Humans were the only source of smallpox; so you would find that - that was funny. Anyway that's what we had to do and we would be assigned. When I arrived at my destination, we first went to Geneva. On our first assignment, we'd go to Geneva and we met all the people who were being assigned; and I went with Walter Einstein from CDC who you probably will be interviewing too. He and I were both from New York City and we were assigned together to Uttar Pradesh; and then we were assigned to go to Uttar Pradesh. So we were in Geneva and then we were sent to Uttar Pradesh and there were still smallpox in Uttar Pradesh. There were two provinces in India, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar that still had smallpox. So it was like a competition between Bihar and Uttar Pradesh; who would come first down to smallpox zero? What we'd do is, we would go out into the field; we would go and do surveillance. You were assigned a driver and a paramedical assistant and then you were given all these traveler's checks like in Rupees because you had to hire people, and you had to pay them. Then I would go to the bank and cash these checks so I'd have lots of money to pay people to immunize. You had to get vaccinators. You had to get people to work for you. I didn't realize what the whole system was in India, but since my driver and paramedical assistant had been working, and my paramedical assistant was Shaffy[0:22:56] Mohamed, he was a Muslim, and my driver was a Hindu, and they spoke different languages actually. Shaffy spoke English perfectly, but his native language is Urdu not Hindi, so that we had this three way thing going on trying to communicate with Urdu, Hindi and English. I didn't speak any of either, but I learned to read the Hindi symbols so I could read the road signs and they were very small - rarely was there a road sign, but if there were, the driver couldn't read, so I would phonetically sound the symbols so I could tell which way the direction was pointing. I would say, "Kahnpour[inaudible 23:44]; that way, okay this is where we want to go." The paramedical assistant acted as your interpreter, your cook. To find a place to stay, we were issued Tenson[0:24:10] sleeping bags and these mattresses. You know, thinking about India, I thought it would be very hot and didn't bring any warm clothes, but Uttar Pradesh is up North near Nepal and it got very cold. It was three degrees (3º) centigrade when I arrived at the Delhi airport and it was cold. So I had made a quilt, so I would wrap it around me because I didn't have any warm clothes. We would go out and we would offer a reward; we'd go like to a village and the paramedical assistant would get up and say to the villagers, they had never seen a foreigner before so I was a great source of interest to people like: look at me, this is incredible.. This is an area of Uttar Pradesh which was 99% illiterate. They had never seen a foreigner before nor heard of America; and very often if we went to a Muslim village the women wanted me to come into their house because they didn't come out; they lived in - it was a part of their practice. So they always wanted me to come in to their house, their little mud hut, but they wouldn't allow my paramedical assistant in because he was a man, so I would go in there and we would do sign language. They couldn't understand; you know: Where were my babies? What was I doing there? I soon found out everybody - most of the women were pregnant, they had babies every year and while I was there, there were several babies that were named America because they heard this word America. They had no idea, they didn't have a concept of another language or another place; and if they asked my paramedical assistant where I was from, he'd say, "Oh, she's from the capital, Lucknow" Because they had no concept of another country and languages but they couldn't understand why I couldn't understand them. So it was that interesting. We would go to the village and we had these picture postcards that showed cases of smallpox and we would say, "Ten Rupees to anyone who can show me a case of smallpox" and it was increasingly - 10 Rupees was a lot of money then for the average person. So if there was smallpox in the village they would bring you to the person. Very often it was chickenpox, not smallpox; or something else. It wasn't smallpox; and you were supposed to be the expert, not having ever seen a case of smallpox, it was like strange to think that you were going to be the expert and tell whether this was smallpox or chickenpox. Of course we were taught at all of these training sessions how to do it. So we heard about a report of smallpox in a village that was supposed to be free of smallpox. So I was sent there out of my district, my district was Kanpur, but this was outside of my district, a place called Rampur Madras. So I went there and I looked at the case and it sure looked like smallpox to me; and at that time we took a culture of the lesions and put them in a little vial and a mailing case. Then I mailed it off to Delhi and they would either confirm, because they wanted to culture every case to see if it was really a case; but it would take weeks and weeks before the results came back. I declared it as smallpox and so we started our immunization. There were vaccinators who actually worked in all the villages. There's this infrastructure in India where they have these people who are vaccinators; and they could be hired. So my paramedical assistant would just let out the word and people would come and want to work for you because we paid very well. So what we would do, we would pay the people's family to be guards at the door. This is a mud hut in these villages and then we would pay a family member to be the guard at the door and the only people - they'd have to vaccinate them. Anybody who went in or out of the house had to be vaccinated. Melissa McSwigan: So this is the door of the house where the smallpox patient was? Mary Guinan: Yes, the smallpox case. So here's the case: this was a young man and nobody knew where he'd gotten smallpox from and he was a Brahman. The Caste System was a part of what was happening in India at the time although it was banned, it was outlawed, it was pretty much the practice. Everybody recognized - when you went into a village the first thing people asked was what Caste you were; and since I was an outsider, they weren't quite sure how to treat me, and so the Brahman didn't want me to touch him. You see this young man, they are Brahmans; but I interviewed him to try to find out where he got smallpox because he had to have gotten it from another person, and where he had traveled; and it turned out that he had travelled to a village somewhere, I'm not sure where; where he had received the services of a prostitute for his inauguration into his, you know, Right of Passage, but of course, this was not something that anybody could know about. Melissa McSwigan: Right. Mary Guinan: And it was not something that I would be able to track. You know, to find out that case. In fact, they were very vague about where the village was and how it was. So we just decided then to employ a member of the family, it was a father, to be at the door and then we paid a vaccinator to stay there to vaccinate. We paid the parents money to keep the person in the house-keep the young boy in the house and to get food so he wouldn't come out until we declared him to be non-infectious. So we went about, and I found out that when we go to the villages surrounding it, we didn't have maps, it wasn't like you'd say, "Okay let's draw a five-mile radius around this and try and find some maps to figure out what the radius was or how you could do this." So, we got these rather rudimentary maps and we started going to the villages to try to vaccinate. We found out when people would come - we had a jeep, they were Mahindra &amp; Mahindra jeeps I think is the name of them, and they were provided by the Indian Government, the jeeps; and when the jeeps came and the only time the villagers ever saw a jeep come in was when the Family Planning person came and there was a big initiative in India at that time to reduce the population and to introduce birth control, and they used to pay the men to have a vasectomy, gave them a portable radio was one of the gifts that the men would get. Melissa McSwigan: Mmh! Mary Guinan: And then were these - the Family Planning people had told us that they had to meet every month. They had to have so many vasectomies and so many tubal ligations and they were not terribly receptive people so they saw this jeep coming and they thought it was the Family Planning people and they all ran away. So nobody would be there. So we said, "We couldn't find anybody to vaccinate, everybody disappeared." In India, you know, people would disappear and then reappear; it was so incredible the number of people; when you go to India, all you see is people everywhere. There's never any privacy. You go out, you're on this road and you're there in this wheat growing and things, this farm area and you go, and if something happened, if you broke down, my driver would just shout out, and all of a sudden people would appear and they'd come out of the fields, there were people everywhere. They'd sleep in the fields, they were there, but you know, with the heat they'd be hiding in the shade. So the whole idea of us being Family Planning people caused problems for us to be able to do the immunization. So what we decided to do was to do a survey of the town, to get all the names, and this was something that we understood what the people used to do that gave - what the politicians used to do to give resources to a town or village. They would take a census of the village, and the village then - and then take the census of everybody who lived in each house in the village and maybe there were 50 or 60 or 70 houses in the village or less, and there usually would be sometimes 10 or 15 people living in that one room mud hut. So we would just go in and say we're doing a census; and we'd go to the village Elder and talk to him and tell him first that we were going to do the census; and then we would tell him after we did the census when we had all of the - then we would ask the Elder if we could vaccinate the village and why. If the elder agreed then, we could go and start the vaccination. So we would go, but we knew how many people were there. They would all sort of list all these children and you always knew that there was a child every year, so if you had a one-year-old that look like one, you would look for the baby somewhere underneath, hidden in blanket somewhere there was always a baby. So we would find a baby. It was just amazing, we would ask how old people were and they didn't know how old they were. That wasn't a concept to them, the children how old they were. So we would just guess at their ages, and then we would vaccinate them and vaccinate each village until we completed the circuit. Then I'd come back every once in a while to make sure that the guard was at the door. We had these surprise inspections because people didn't really understand what we were doing. They thought, you know: Okay, they're going to give me money for this, I'll do it, but then when I was out of sight, well maybe not understanding why they needed to keep this person inside, they might not, you know - So we would come back regularly to check every two or three days. Sometimes there wouldn't be the guard at the door and we say, "Okay, where is the guard?" and we had the guard and the vaccinator had a book in which he listed all the people he vaccinated so we'd know who were vaccinated. So that was my first start, and it was smallpox and then I kept finding more smallpox cases. Melissa McSwigan: So that was your first case, but there were more? Mary Guinan: That was my first case, and then as we went from village to village, I'd find another one and declare it then, I would culture the lesion and send it off to the post office and this is a big thing to do, to find a post office that would take this and send it off to Delhi. You'd never know if it would arrive there or not, because sometimes they didn't have stamps at the post office so you couldn't buy stamps and it was a complicated system that you had to try and figure out how to ensure that your specimen got sent. So I kept sending them off and then we kept moving around from village to village; and the person who was in-charge of Uttar Pradesh at the time of the Smallpox Eradication Program was Don Francis and he would come to visit. He came down to visit me about a month and two into it. I lived in a mud hut outside and my paramedical assistant would try and find some place for me to live, that would have a shelter; and sometimes we did and sometimes we didn't. It was very cold at night. But there were all sorts of things; there were rats around that really used to scare me. They'd come in and run around at night and the Indians always respected life. So they never killed anything. The Hindus didn't kill anything and so there would be rats. One morning, there was a rat in my purse and I told my driver there was a rat in my purse and he just opened the purse and let the rat out. Okay! So Don Francis came down to visit to see what we were doing because they wanted to make sure, you know I was new, of what you were really doing and actually, I was a woman and they weren't sure women could do those things at that time. So Don came down and he said, "Listen, this place was declared free of smallpox and you are sending off all these sample saying there's smallpox. Are you sure these are smallpox?" I said, "As sure as I can be. I certainly - all I can say is, to the best of my ability I call them smallpox." "Sure they weren't chickenpox?" "I think they were smallpox, it's a possibility that they were." He said, "Are you sure because you're causing a big sensation here. The leader, the Indian Public Health leader in the area was very upset because he had declared his districts free of smallpox and I was saying it wasn't. So that caused a little political problem. Anyway, it was miles and it would take them several hours to come to where I was, and they went back. Then as I moved toward the other villages that were infected in this area, we had difficulty crossing the rivers. There were three rivers - parts of a river that intersected the villages and each time I would have to cross the river; and it was too deep for the jeep to cross it, so I decided the first day we came to this I said, "I'm going to wigan[inaudible0:41:35] and wade across" because the water was the water is about up to here maybe at my waist, and we're going to wade across with the supplies and everybody would wade across. So I always wore pants because showing your legs is not something that the Hindu women or Muslim women do, so I had made a series of Muslim outfits like pants and a long shirt, a Kurta, I think it was called and that's what Muslim women wore. The Hindu women wore Saris, but the pants were much easier for me to work in and I always kept my head covered. I had very long hair then, it was a braid and I decided before I went to India that I would dye my hair black so I wouldn't look so conspicuous. Melissa McSwigan: Did that work? Mary Guinan: No. Well, you know, when the white roots started coming out, they thought I was going grey; and it got streaked as it went, and I'm pretty tall; so I was taller than what most people saw, so I stuck out in the crowd no matter what. So I decided to roll up my pants-now I tell you that showing legs isn't a good thing in India, and there was nobody around, but after I rolled up my pants and started going across the river, a big crowd came out and there was a huge crowd, and I had rolled up my pants and I'd walked and crossed to the other side to get the supplies over, the vaccine, needles and things. Then we went and did the thing and on return I realized that I'd caused some sensation so I just didn't roll my pants up, I just waded across and word travelled fast, who knows how, but it went to Delhi; and people were saying, "Oh, I heard you went to..." Once a month we would have this meeting and Bill Foege would - Bill Foege was the head of the Indian Smallpox Eradication at the time when I arrived, and he would come up from Delhi. He would go to each of the districts once a month, and he would come to Uttar Pradesh one day a week and then we would all come in from the field, there were number of us; and he was the first person that we would talk with, and we'd take showers, I mean I might not have showered in weeks and weeks. So you would stay at the hotel and meet friends, and they would tell you what was happening, and they'd show you how many cases of smallpox there were and how they were decreasing and how close we were to zero- coming to zero in India; and that UP was winning from Bihar. We were ahead of Bihar. So that was a monthly meeting and when I was coming into town, we would stop at the railroad station and I would know whether Bill Foege was there or not because Bill was very tall, he's 6'6", and they would always know when he came from the railroad station. He was here. So they'd tell me, "He's here." So I would know he was at the hotel. People would know you were with the smallpox program and they'd let to know, I mean, word would travel fast and anything I did was reported. People knew what I was doing and all. That was interesting, I didn't do that again. Melissa McSwigan: How would you - let me interrupt you for a second. How would you say that this experience that you had, the six months that you had in India, how would you say that affected your career after that? Mary Guinan: Well, I became a believer. I believed that this was the way to go. I decided that I was going to have a career in public health because it was so successful. I mean, I couldn't believe it, what you were doing and all the things you were doing and all the problems you were having, and you would come, and it's working. It's actually working, so you were reinvigorated to go out in the field and keep doing what you were doing because you can't really see the results and you often see the errors that are made and sometimes things slipped through the cracks, somebody didn't guard the patient, and did they possibly infect someone else and you had a whole trail of smallpox moving about. You're always worried about that, but it worked. So I decided to work in public health-that changed my life. Melissa McSwigan: Did you keep travelling after that? Did you go to other countries as well? Mary Guinan: Yes, I've been probably all over the world. I've been to Asia: Thailand and China, Japan; and Central and South America. I guess the only place I really haven't been is to Eastern Europe. So it was the - during that time it was the Cold War so there were lots of difficulties getting in and out of countries. But I came back and then I left CDC after my EIS program and then was recruited back to CDC, and then I worked at CDC for 20 years then retired. I was part of the First Aid Task Force so I was a trained Virologist and that's how my career evolved. Melissa McSwigan: It sounds like you faced a lot of challenges before you went for the Smallpox Eradication Campaign. Particularly, you've talked a lot about being a woman and how that presented some obstacles as far as getting into school and so on. Did you find that in this particular campaign that being a woman affected the work that you were doing? You talked a little bit about when Don Francis, I think you said, came to visit you, how they kind of doubted maybe your effectiveness? Mary Guinan: Well, they were worried. You know, as I would've been in Don's place. It turned out they were all smallpox. But I think it did affect the people - I think it helped me a lot. People were much more trusting of a woman than a man in that situation when I'd go into a village. Melissa McSwigan: That was as far as the Indians were concerned? Mary Guinan: Yeah, as far as the Indians were concerned. Because I was such a curiosity to them; and also, people helped me a lot. I told you about these rivers. We had problems traversing the rivers and the only way to get across was a boat, a camel or an elephant. So there were always camel drivers and we would just wait until a camel came along then I would rent the camel and then we'd get across; and how I got back from over the other side; we'd hope another camel would come or somebody would show up with a rowboat and would row us across. We'd pay them to take us across. So one day, while we're working in the village, this local Raja Saab they call him came, and he said, "What are you doing?" And I told him what we were doing and he said, "That's wonderful." He said, "Well, since you're having this difficulty, I have an elephant and I'm going to give you an elephant so you can have this elephant to go across the river." So I got this elephant. I mean elephants swim and their wonderful. Camels are nasty and they want to bite you. It's really difficult getting on a camel. They'd turn around and bite you; and the elephant, very sweet and there was a Mahout, an elephant driver, and he said to me, "When the elephant swims over this river, he will take you up in his trunk, so you won't get wet" I said, "No. No. I'm not doing that. I'll get wet-it's okay if I get wet." So when we would go across, he would take the Mahout. The elephant would take - it was a female, she would take the Mahout in her trunk and carry him over, and swim to the other side and then I'd go; and then we'd come back and then somehow somebody would call an elephant. The elephant would come and then take me back to the other side. Of courts Don Francis heard about this naturally, and he came saying he wants an elephant ride. He came down, he says, "I want my first ride." So he got an elephant ride. So I'm not sure, I think this man, because I was a woman, he thought I needed help in getting across and so, he gave me an elephant. I gave it back to him. I didn't take it home. Melissa McSwigan: That would be kind of hard to fit and you're carry- on luggage I'm sure. What would you say is the most memorable moment that you have from your time in India with the smallpox program, the memory that sticks out the most? Mary Guinan: Well the memory is - and the first is the cultural shock of going to a country where you don't know the morays and learning them it's a bit of a - it was one of those culture shocks that it would take years to adapt to, you take these small steps. But I think that the most exciting thing was that it worked and that these monthly meetings that we would go to, we would learn that it was working. It was just - and that whole idea that this is actually going to work. I mean, it's actually going to work was intoxicating. So that was the most wonderful thing about - and the thing I remember, it was effective. Melissa McSwigan: Well, is there anything else that you would like to add, to tell future public health professionals like myself about the time and the program and so on that you would like to share? Mary Guinan: I don't think so. I don't know what I'd say except, an opportunity like this where your Government was doing something and you have an opportunity for public service, it's just - I don't know that I got any better satisfaction of anything I've done in my lifetime, than feeling like I participated with so many other people from other nations to do something that improved people's lives and you had an opportunity, I mean it was a privilege to have that opportunity, so I feel that our government who was doing what I thought, such terrible things, but somewhere there was someone doing this wonderful thing. It was in these rickety old buildings at CDC that nobody ever heard of then, CDC wasn't in the spotlight, and all these Quonset[0:53:41] huts out in [inaudible 0:53:43], that's what people were living in. I mean this is CDC and it was these old Government buildings, but these people planned; imagine, they planned as well. They were part of the planning of this momentous event, and I feel very privileged to have been a part of it. So it was that sense of, I guess, if you have that opportunity to do something that's outside of anything you could possibly do as an individual, do as a team, then that will surely be one of the greatest satisfactions in your life. Melissa McSwigan: Well, thank you very much for your time and thank you for sharing your stories. Mary Guinan: Okay. [End of audio - 0:54:36] </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nxg5wfuUAtE" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource interviews motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-07-10 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16rrr emory:16rrr Subject The topic of the resource WHO Smallpox Eradication CDC India Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 11782080000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McSwegin, Melissa (Interviewer) Guinan, Mary (Interviewee); Epidemiologist Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource GUINAN, MARY Description An account of the resource Dr. Mary Guinan describes her experiences as an epidemiologist in India in 1973. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/b06c365dc4669e4ecd6b3d78c55931af.JPG 5d7ce37a8ab595c4c7a6722e01c9d244 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=2016_500_4%20Guinan,%20Mary.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GUINAN, MARY Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2016.500.4 Description An account of the resource Mary worked in a variety of roles at CDC. She began her CDC career as an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer, or EIS officer, from 1974 to '76. Ten years later, she was appointed CDC's Associate Director for Science and served in that capacity for four years, from 1986 to 1990. Much of her early career at CDC was focused on sexually transmitted diseases [STDs] and AIDS. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Interviewed by Dr. Mary Chamberland Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 3, 2016 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant youtube https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e214eeca245e167b74d5279079ee184b.pdf 83ef65e12944da83cba225808330685b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GUINEA WORM Description An account of the resource “Guinea Worm: Dracunculiasis: An economically important water borne disease that could be eliminated in extensive areas during the "Water Decade”,” an overview document that explains how the disease can be prevented. Produced by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Gathany, Nancy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1981 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/910ff2cd2bcd591d4c9f321871a8ed88.JPG 4676d3562b0fa0357a7746a966bb43cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="1830" style="width:100%;height:1830px;" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823?embed=true"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource presentations (communicative events) motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15mq4 emory:15mq4 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 3411240000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hopkins, Donald (Speaker); The Carter Center; Vice President, Health Programs Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox Workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource GUINEA WORM ERADICATION, 2006 Description An account of the resource Doctor Donald [R.] Hopkins, introduced by Doctor Stanley Foster, discusses the status of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program as of July 2006 as it relates to the Smallpox Eradication Program. Filmed at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Tom Harkin Global Communication Center in Atlanta, Georgia. Subject The topic of the resource Guinea Worm Eradication Program Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/bcf260da93e4814c1708a922e3880683.jpg 66438bc41b9c539e4b6eed01976e18fe https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/f678344e41b8d075a7c07b45ba559720.pdf 110affae4cea6928109625f4f5e7067a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ebola Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=KathyHagemanXML.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HAGEMAN, KATHY Description An account of the resource Dr. Kathy M. Hageman, CDC branch chief for Epidemiology and Strategic Information in Zambia, briefly reviews her life and career and then discusses her involvement in CDC's 2014-16 Ebola epidemic response. Dr. Hageman deployed to Sierra Leone as a behavioral health scientist and led efforts to improve the response by better understanding how local populations understood and experienced the epidemic and the efforts to stop it. A PDF OF THIS INTERVIEW CAN BE FOUND AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 14, 2016 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/9a7c152899e64c42f53ea49aae43ffc7.pdf 5e64efb2ab8f15cdbcc62470519c31a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HAITI STUDY: Proposal Description An account of the resource MEMORANDUM TO: The Record FROM: Robert Gordon, Special Assistant to the Director, NIH SUBJECT: Telephone Call from Haiti, January 11, 1983 about establishing a epidemiologic study of AIDS in Haiti Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 12, 1983 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration at Atlanta, 5780 Jonesboro Road, Morrow, GA 30260 www.archives.gov/atlanta https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/5d19f211a916b114863ca4092ac7a52c.pdf 55d7ac18c3ece271dbf192912ee164b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Documents Government Records Keywords December 17, 1982, Protocol, Haitian, AIDS, study, CDC, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS, USA, Canada, denominator, hepatitis B, social isolation, language, culture, health, socio-economic, chronic problems, Bahamas, Florida, New York City, Quebec, public health, Allen, Fischl, Landesman, Laverdiere, epidemiologic, medical service, participation, risk factors, MMWR Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HAITIAN AIDS STUDY: Protocol Draft Description An account of the resource Draft Protocol for Haitian AIDS Study. Discussion of need and confidentiality Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bill Darrow Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 17, 1982