5 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/db78efa76b79c9017ac11efcfbd03109.JPG 04839f2fd2a75d510c474de7254dfe38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MQUDk_Bf9dQ" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource presentations (communicative events) motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-07-12 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16s6n emory:16s6n Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 2848080000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Barrash, Warren (Speaker); Peace Corps; Now Prof. Water Resourses at Boise State University, Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Smallpox Workers (2008 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource BARRASH: DIFFICULTIES Description An account of the resource Warren Barrash describes the severe difficulties of working in Ethiopia--remoteness, traditional beliefs, civil unrest. Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication Ethiopia Peace Corps Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/b3bcf2a87cb46a88be8a6acdcfaa5611.png c629c67fea448bc8b3f6db9ce28d6df3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiZRNPUpZ3w&amp;list=PL9IJKWo9nRDurUjN3ZvWkFegMxKLmfR-N&amp;index=30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spread the Word Description An account of the resource From 1987 to 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored Black America Responds to AIDS, a multipart public awareness campaign that focused on reaching a wide range of audiences variously defined by identity or behavior. AIDS campaign clip on the importance of talking about and preventing the spread of AIDS in the black community. “Know about AIDS…..tell others” Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 2017 510 12 12 Part of the David J. Sencer CDC Museums Collection at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-1996 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017 510 12 12 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black America Responds to AIDS AIDS black preventable https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/c6c4443017bfed68f4b9e47730790242.png dda10a2ad186a0fb39d3b7801ed4b05b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBXll1zv2_g&amp;list=PL9IJKWo9nRDurUjN3ZvWkFegMxKLmfR-N&amp;index=31 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mother Wit Description An account of the resource From 1987 to 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored Black America Responds to AIDS, a multipart public awareness campaign that focused on reaching a wide range of audiences variously defined by identity or behavior. African-American mother talks about mother-wit and the importance of informing her children about AIDS. "We can help you talk about AIDS." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black America Responds to AIDS Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Part of the David J. Sencer CDC Museums Collection at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-1996 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017 510 27 06 AIDS drugs sex https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/f0083020ebcc1fc0d57a6a10ab14147b.jpg 55c5879e69463f8f7df7790e401a97aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2ml292hLqXY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource presentations (communicative events) motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15mnv emory:15mnv Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO CDC Measles Reunion Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 2101440000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Blount, Steve (Speaker); CDC Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource BLOUNT: WELCOME Description An account of the resource Welcome remarks by Dr. Steve Blount, Director of the Office of Global Health to the Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers at CDC, followed by remarks by Stan Foster sketching the history of CDC, the history of the inception of the smallpox measles program in West and Central Africa. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/c215d343bf676f3390d2e0e1963eafd0.jpg 23428dbfd085fa74a84e03bd24d4f91c https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/afe843374ec9931aad541f8c40fb4d48.pdf 8390e84ee46b280b09f3102a3cfe6a86 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> Interview Dr. Dan Blumenthal with Dr. David Sencer Transcribed: January 23, 2009 Dr. Sencer: This is the 1st day of April at CDC. I'm David Sencer and I'm interviewing Dr. Dan Blumenthal, a Professor at Morehouse University School of Medicine on his experiences in the Smallpox Program. He knows he is being taped and he has signed a release. Good morning, Dr.. Dr. Blumenthal: Good morning. Dr. Sencer: Do you want to tell me a little about who Dan Blumenthal is? How he got to be Dan Blumenthal? Dr. Blumenthal: Well sure. I started out, I think - picking up maybe when I was in high school really intending to be a research type of person, pursuing a PhD in the biological science and - Dr. Sencer: Where did you go to high school? Dr. Blumenthal: In the suburb of St. Louis, Missouri, my college experience in particular; a summer research experience had convinced me that I really needed to pursue an MD rather than a PhD, or perhaps both. My original intention was to go after both, but I put myself in a position to do Biomedical Research as something that would be more immediately relevant to humans. By the time I did some more research in medical school, I decided I really didn't want to pursue a research career, but rather, more of a medical practice career. So I kind of changed my career direction again. I was then, I think - eventually headed for some kind of pediatric practice, but - Dr. Sencer: Where did you go to medical school? Dr. Blumenthal: I went to the University of Chicago. Actually, I went there because they had a good combined MD/PhD Program and that was what I thought I wanted to do at that time, but as I said, after a few more laboratory experiences, I decided that it really wasn't for me. I wasn't a laboratorian. I thought I was a clinician and maybe I still am to some extent. I got into public health as a result of the war in Vietnam and I had actually - I was so opposed to the war that I just knew that I wasn't going to serve in the military. I was prepared to move to Canada if that was what was required, but I was looking for an alternative in the U.S. instead and I applied to the Indian Health Service. I think today, admission to the Indian Health Service would not be a problem, but in those days it was, so I didn't get into the Indian Health Service. I talked to my father who's also a physician and he said, "Well, why don't you try applying to the NCDC?" As it was known at that time, the National Communicable Disease Center, and I said, "What's that?" and he explained to me that it was a Public Health Service facility located in Atlanta, and I did apply to the EIS; and I was admitted to the EIS. At the time, I really knew very little about public health. I had learned almost nothing about public health in medical school and very little more during my residency, but this was certainly an attractive alternative, so I learned about public health here at CDC and it clearly made an incredible difference in my career. I still do practice clinical pediatrics, but public health is a major part of my life, and it is probably the biggest part of my career now. Dr. Sencer: Who was in charge of the EIS program when you were there? Dr. Blumenthal: Phil Brachman was the Director of the EIS at that time and provided great leadership. I still talk to Phil from time to time. He's teaching at Emory and we keep in touch. Dr. Sencer: What did you do in the EIS? Dr. Blumenthal: I spent a year in the Nutrition Program and then the Nutrition Program went out of business, and so I spent a second year and then a third year in the Parasitic Diseases Branch, and did some work with Ascaris and other intestinal parasites here in the U.S. Dr. Sencer: How did you end up in India? Dr. Blumenthal: When I was in the Parasitic Disease Branch a call, I guess, went out for epidemiologists to participate in the Smallpox Eradication Program in India and I wanted to do it, I guess, for two reasons. One was because it was a noble cause. It was something that really sounded like it could make an incredible difference in health for people in India and around the world, and second because it sounded like a great adventure. It was really working on the frontlines of something important and the frontlines in this case were far away from places where American physicians usually work. Far away from all the things that we know and it sounded exciting and different and unusual, and that was very appealing to me at that time. Dr. Sencer: When did you go to India? Dr. Blumenthal: 1974. I was assigned to Bihar which was in the Northeast part of India, just South of Nepal and I was assigned to Samastipur District which is - Patna is the capital of Bihar State, and from Patna you cross the Ganges River and go a ways further on, and eventually arrive in Samastipur. We flew in to New Delhi originally and had some orientation there and then - Dr. Sencer: Who did the orientation? Dr. Blumenthal: Well, Bill Foege was there but I actually don't - I remember the hotel, I remember the swimming pool, but I don't remember too much about what we did in New Delhi. I remember the train ride then from New Delhi to Patna in a train drawn by a coal-burning engine and cinders and smoke flying in through the windows, and it was done that way because Bill Foege thought that he shouldn't send everybody by airplane because he was afraid the plane might crash. So some people went by plane but I was with the group that went by train. Dr. Sencer: Who were some of your colleagues? Dr. Blumenthal: Steve Jones was in the next district over, it was Jafarpur, and when I got lonely for the company of a fellow American, I would get in my jeep and drive over to Jafarpur. I'd probably do that two or three times during that time that I spent in India and spent a couple of days with Steve sitting around and speaking American to each other, and then I was re- energized and could go back to work in Samastipur. There were a number of others in the surrounding districts and I'm afraid I can't remember everybody's name, but I know that we did a couple of R &amp; R to Katmandu which was a fairly easy hop from Patna to Katmandu by airplane. So I had some good friends at the time whose names I can't remember now. Dr. Sencer: Where you working - did you have an Indian counterpart or were you just sort of off on your own? Dr. Blumenthal: Well, I had a driver, I had a paramedical assistant, and for part of the time when I was there, I had a young Indian physician colleague who traveled around with me and shared responsibilities. I think that was maybe only for a month or so though. Dr. Sencer: What sort of duties did you have? Dr. Blumenthal: The basic program was to follow behind my Indian colleagues who were permanent workers in the healthcare system to ensure that the search for smallpox cases and smallpox outbreaks was being appropriately carried out. So on a typical day I would visit the health office, the local health office, where, posted on the wall was a list of all the outbreaks that were being worked; and I would say, "Let's go to that one," just kind of picking one at random. Typically, the local health officer would say, "No. You wouldn't want to go to that one. That one is far off of the paved road. You'll get stuck in the mud. It's very difficult. You'll have to walk. I suggest we go to this one which is right on the paved road." And I'd say, "No. Since you've told me that now I know that I want to go to the first one that I picked." So we'd get in the jeep and he was right, we got stuck in the mud, and so we had to get out and walk, and we'd eventually get to the outbreak; and of course few people there had been vaccinated, and it was typical the work that was supposed to have been done hadn't been done, so his interest in having me not go there was both related to the difficulty in getting there and the fact that he knew what we'd find when we did get there. So that was the biggest part of it, and there were periodic meetings that I would have to go back to Patna to participate in, and reporting, and we filled out a lot of forms, but it was mostly that kind of spot-checking and supervision and traveling from one health office to another in the district. I'll tell you a story about getting stuck in the mud. We were traveling to one of those outbreaks and the jeep got stuck in the mud and it was clear that we couldn't get any further on that road in a motorized vehicle, and it was still quite a ways to the village we were traveling to. But just down the road was the estate of a very wealthy landowner who kept an elephant as a pet. This was the sort of beast of burden that in past times in India was used for actually doing work. The elephants, I guess are no longer used for work in India, or very little, but they were still, at least at that time, kept by some of the wealthy Indians as a kind of status symbols. So we walked down the road. My paramedical assistant was not very enthusiastic about this, but I insisted that this would work. We walked down the road, knocked on the door, introduced ourselves, we were invited in for tea, and I asked the gentleman if we could please borrow his elephant; and he agreed and we all climb on the elephant and there was an elephant driver who urged the elephant along. It was sort of worrisome because he had a metal rod and every now and then, he would whack the elephant on the side of the head with the metal rod and I was just seriously concerned that the elephant was going to react to this in some way, but it didn't seem to bother him. We eventually got to the outbreak and all the kids were excited to see us coming and they all ran around yelling "Hati! Hati!" Which means elephant; so we did our work there, rode the elephant back, and four years later when I was in Somalia, somebody in the smallpox program that I was introduced to said, "Blumenthal, you are the guy who rode the elephant to the outbreak. Aren't you?" So that little episode gave me a certain amount of fame in the smallpox program. So that was not a typical day but it represented the kind of work that I was doing in India. Dr. Sencer: The word is improvisation. Dr. Blumenthal: The word is improvisation. Right. Dr. Sencer: Do you have any other tales of your time in India? Dr. Sencer: Well, I guess there are many. One that I enjoy telling from time to time involves a visit I was to make the next day to a village that was located on a river, and I was having dinner with a number of Indian colleagues and I asked them, "Are there crocodiles in that river?" and one of them said, "Oh yes. Crocodiles are available." Another one said, "He doesn't want crocodiles. You goof." So, we got a chuckle out of that one. Dr. Sencer: But you lived to tell the tale? Dr. Blumenthal: Yeah, I lived to tell - I actually never saw any crocodiles. I suppose they were available, but I didn't see any. So I would have to say that that period of time I spent in India was one of the most rewarding of my professional career; and the reason is this, that when I got there and began visiting these outbreaks and visiting villages, there were so many outbreaks and so many cases of smallpox, and it was such a terrible disease that I said to myself and to others, "This is absurd. This is never going to be eradicated. There is no hope for success here. This is an interesting experience and a great adventure for me, but I can't imagine that this is going to succeed;" and yet, by the time I left only a few months later, I couldn't find a case. It virtually disappeared before my eyes during just three months while I was there, and I would have to say that that's the part that I remember most. That was the most satisfying part of that experience. Dr. Sencer: It was an achievement. You mentioned you were in Somalia. Dr. Blumenthal: I was, four years later - Honestly, what happened was four years later, I just decided I needed to go to Africa. I had never been to Africa and it was a place I wanted - Dr. Sencer: Are you still part of CDC? Dr. Blumenthal: No. At that time I was no longer working for CDC. I was working for Emory University. But nonetheless, word reached me that CDC was looking for people to go to Somalia. This was what appeared to be the last outbreak of smallpox, smallpox's last stand, and I really not only wanted to go to Africa, but when I heard about that, I wanted to be part of that. I was hoping to get there in time to see the last case. So I succeeded in getting a period of leave from my position at Emory and signed up and went to Somalia a bit too late. The last case had already taken place, so I missed that. I spent three months in Somalia, conducting a search, really knowing that I wasn't going to find any smallpox. So we did other things. One of - somebody back at CDC I guess was interested in studying other pox - Dr. Sencer: [crosstalk/inaudible 0:15:43] Dr. Blumenthal: Well, other pox viruses, so they had me looking for camel pox which is a pox disease with camels; and I actually found a camel that had camel pox and gathered some material from some of the lesions and send it back to CDC. I don't know what happened with that study, but I'm sure we know a little bit more about camel pox now than we did before because of that. A story from Somalia: The work in Somalia was fairly similar to the work in India in the sense of going around and checking to make sure that the - in this case, that the search had been done properly because there wasn't any smallpox to be found. So in one local health office, I went through my routine of identifying a place that I wanted to visit and having the health officer there explain that this was a very difficult place to reach and so I probably shouldn't go there, and having me say, "Well, in that case, that's definitely the place I want to go." So my job was to go to the place and take the little smallpox picture that we used and go from one dwelling to another, asking if somebody had been there and showing this picture, and asking about any cases of rash. Now this was in a part of Somalia that's called Gedo. Now I digress at this point to say that on my way to Somalia I had stopped in Geneva for a couple of days to, I don't know, fill out some forms or something at WHO, and one of the people who was returning from Somalia said, "Listen. When you get there, you can go to any part of Somalia. It doesn't matter where they assign you, as long as it's not Gedo. You don't want to go to Gedo." So, of course when I got there, that was where they sent me. This was fairly a remote part of a remote country located where Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya all meet. It was a little risky because there was a bit of a war going on at that time between Somalia and Ethiopia over the Ogaden Desert. I'm not sure why anybody would want the Ogaden Desert, but both of these countries did, so they were fighting it out. Dr. Sencer: Still do. Dr. Blumenthal: Yeah. So we had to stop from time to time because we were told there were land mines in the road up ahead and so we'd spend the night by the side of the road and the next day we were assured the land mines had all been cleared away and we would go on. I'm off of my story. The story is - I need to further explain that the populace in this area was mostly Nomadic; and they would herd camels and some goats and some sheep from one place to another, looking for food for the livestock; and they would set up their huts and stay in one place for a few days and then move on to another place. This was the dry season and there were some places that were - where food for the livestock could be found and there were other places where no food for the livestock could be found. There were some settled villages along a river that flowed through the area, but mostly, the population was Nomadic. So this is a backdrop. I will return to the story where I had identified the place that I wanted to visit and so myself and my driver, and my interpreter, and the local health officer all set out in our land rover to visit this site; and we traveled for a long way in the land rover and then we got to a place where the health officer said, "You know, I really don't know this area. We'll have to find somebody here, a local guide who can take us to the place where we want to go." So we hunted around and we found somebody who said he knew where that place was, and so we put him in the jeep - in the land rover and we drove until we came to a dry wadi, which is a dry riverbed, a gulch. In the dry season there's no water in it, but we couldn't drive across so we had to leave the land rover there and we got down and we walked. We probably walked five miles and it was hot and it was dry, but we finally got to a place where our guide said, "Here we are." And I said, "Where are we?" He said, "We're at the place you said you wanted to go." And I said, "But there's nobody here." And he said, "Well, of course not. There's never anybody here this time of the year." So, all I could say was, "Well, I guess there's no smallpox here." Then we turned around and walked back. So that was Somalia - I met bed bugs in Somalia. I had never seen bed bugs before, but traveling around from one place to another in some of the little towns there are little hotels. We stayed in a little hotel, and some of the little hotels had bed bugs so that was - Dr. Sencer: And you had bed bugs? Dr. Blumenthal: I had bed bugs. The bed had bed bugs and they came out and fed on me. My experience with bed bugs was I woke up in the middle of the night - my first experience with bed bugs, I woke up in the middle of night and I was being bitten by an insect which I thought must be mosquitoes so I pulled my cover up around my head and the more I pulled the cover up around my head, the more I got bitten by the bugs. So I finally got out of bed, got out my flashlight and shown it around, and found bed bugs. I've never seen them before, but I figured out what they were. So I found ways to deal with the bed bugs, but basically I just sort of coated myself with insect repellent and that kept the bed bugs away. Dr. Sencer: Was that your only health problem overseas? Dr. Blumenthal: Well, occasional diarrhea but I never got seriously ill during the time I was overseas, took malaria prophylaxis and I was reasonably careful about what I ate and drank. Dr. Sencer: To what extent do you think your experience with the smallpox influenced the rest of your career? Dr. Blumenthal: I've maintained an interest in international health and I feel like I have had more of an international health experience than many of my colleagues who also do international health. But their international health work may involve going to the capital city and giving some lecture at the medical school and it sort of entitles me to scoff and say, "You call that international health? That's not really international health." I've maintained that it has stimulated an interest in infectious disease, so although I would not attempt to pass myself off as an Infectious Disease Specialist, it does help me keep current and I know a lot more about infectious disease than many of my other non-infectious disease specialist colleagues, because I think more than anything, it has given me a lifelong feeling of satisfaction that I was part of this program that achieved one of the greatest public health accomplishments ever, and I've always been glad to have that on my curriculum vitae. Dr. Sencer: Well, good. Anything else you want to say? Dr. Blumenthal: Seems like enough. Dr. Sencer: It's good. Thank you. Dr. Blumenthal: Thank you for the opportunity. [End of audio 0:23:30] </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I1j3i7A74pY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource interviews motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-04-01 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15p8j emory:15p8j Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 5075640000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sencer, David (Interviewer) Blumenthal, Dan (Interviewee) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource BLUMENTHAL, DAN Description An account of the resource Dan Blumenthal participated in the Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP)in Bihar, India in 1974. Dr. Blumenthal began his public health career with CDC. As an EIS officer at CDC, Dan applied to take a short-term assignment with the SEP. Dan describes his daily responsibilities. Later, Dan took a leave of absence from his position at Emory University to become involved with the last efforts to eradicate smallpox in Somalia. Subject The topic of the resource WHO CDC Smallpox Eradication Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/0f9e8cc1387afe60977d283296e5243a.jpg c544921e5bb749c80cd71268fa005746 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/5ccfac23726aca4084cafc8bcedc3d77.pdf 71e40e2a6f3331d53bb9cbe147d87f71 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> Interview David Bourne with Elisa Koski Elisa Koski Transcribed: January 24 2009 | Duration: 0:31:00 Elisa Koski: This is an interview with David Bourne on July 11, 2008 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia about his role in the Smallpox Eradication Project. The interviewer is Elisa Koski. With this interview, we're hoping to capture for future generations the memories of participants and their families involved in eradicating smallpox. This is an incredibly important and historic achievement and we want to hear about your experience. I have some questions to guide you, but please feel free to recount any special stories or anecdotes that you remember about events or people. The legal agreement that you signed says that you're donating the oral history to the U.S. Federal Government and it will be in the public domain. For the record, could you please state your full name and that you know you are being recorded? David Bourne: Yes, my name is David Bourne and I understand this is being recorded. Elisa Koski: Thank you so much, and thanks again for being here today. Now David, we just want to start with a brief background about you, how you grew up, your pre-college education and your college education, and how you came to be interested in public health? David Bourne: You bet. I was raised in New Mexico and I moved there when I was about five. My dad was a Public Health Officer for the State of New Mexico for most of his career while I was growing up. So I became interested in public health and in medicine generally through him and I graduated from high school in 1967 from Robertson High School in Las Vegas, New Mexico and I attended a couple of years at New Mexico Highlands University there in Las Vegas and then I graduated from the University of Utah in Salt Lake City in 1971. During the course of my last year or so, I applied to the Peace Corps and was accepted approximately a year later. So I was accepted around March of 1972 having graduated in August of 1971. So my interest in general in the Peace Corps was to help with the health programs and they offered me the Smallpox Eradication Program in Ethiopia and I accepted that and became a volunteer in April 1972 with the intention of coming to Ethiopia and working with the Smallpox Eradication Program. David Bourne: Okay. So that's a unique way to get involved with CDC's Smallpox Program. David Bourne: Right. Elisa Koski: So what was your role when you arrived? David Bourne: I'm sorry? Elisa Koski: What was your role in the program when you arrived? David Bourne: Okay. In the smallpox program, I was called the Smallpox Surveillance Officer. So what they did, they had us have orientation here for a day or two in Atlanta with Dr. Foege on smallpox generally and after orientation we went to Ethiopia for approximately eight weeks of language and cultural training, and then we went to our various provinces where we were to work. I was a Smallpox Surveillance Officer, as they were called. So in Ethiopia, the way it was setup, it was run jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ethiopian Ministry of Health and the Peace Corps Volunteers worked in concert with people from the Ministry of Health and the WHO to do the eradication. So our job or role was to go village to village from where we were assigned and look for smallpox. When we found it, we would in effect, evacuate - vaccinate the affected village and the surrounding villages. Functionally, I think the goal was a 2- hour walk around the village, but the villages were sufficiently spread out, so it worked out that the affected village and the surrounding villages - the adjacent villages, vaccinate them and move on to the next area where there was smallpox. I worked in two areas of North Central Ethiopia primarily. The first problem area I've worked in was Gojam, and then I worked in that province along the Western edge of the Blue Nile and then I transferred - they transferred us out of Gojam and I went to Wollo which was essentially on the other side of the Blue Nile, and I worked in Eastern Wollo. So I spent most of my career on each side of the Blue Nile, the Blue Nile Gorge and there was an awful lot of smallpox. By that time, '72 into '73, a large part of the remaining smallpox was in the North Central Highlands of Ethiopia and that's where I was; and during the course of the year, during the rainy season which is in the summer, all of us in Wollo, of which there were four or six volunteers, we would move to the desert because the rain would make the - we didn't have roads or vehicles but the paths were impassable due to the mud, so during the summer we would move to the desert in Western Wollo and then we would deal with a totally different type of people, these were the Nomads, they were subject to a Sultan, and we would work with the Sultan and his people to find out where the Nomads were at that particular time; they always knew where they were and we would vaccinate them, so that's essentially - I spent most of my time in the Highlands, probably about 9,000 feet elevation. The weather - it was near the equator, the weather was beautiful most of the time, and then in the summertime I would go to the dessert. Elisa Koski: It sounds like you were quite a young man when you first arrive there, coming out of college and then the Peace Corps. Can you describe to me a little bit of what it was like to arrive in such a foreign place and begin to work on such an important program? David Bourne: It was to me very exciting, initially certainly, to what I found - I was probably 23 when I arrived there and it was very, very new and very exciting. No one spoke English. What we did, we lived in a provincial capital. There were probably three of four of us in the Peace Corps that had a house together, and we would go to different parts of the provinces - of that particular province. So I, for 30 days at a time would not see any Americans or any white people for that matter or anyone who spoke English, with the exception of a translator that I had the first year, and I would fly to, in effect, the county seat of - fly commercially to the county seat of the district where I was working. In that particular area there was very little smallpox; the smallpox was focused in the Northern part of that county, so we would walk approximately 50 miles the next day, leaving at dawn and getting there at dark to get to the center of the Northern part of the county where most of the smallpox was. For the next 30 days, I would go village to village or to markets, trying to find smallpox which was relatively easy to find. There was a lot of it. One of the most interesting things, and far the most interesting ultimately was that the second year I didn't have a translator so I never heard English or spoke English during those entire 30- day segments, I had a guide, but no translator. So that made a very enriching experience; and then it got quite mundane after the initial excitement; months after months, year after year, going village to village vaccinating. The people were not - they were very, very - always very hospitable. They were not always very enthusiastic to see me. They had other diseases that they were worried more about than smallpox, but they were always very hospitable even though they were very poor. I'd live with the people; there was nowhere else to live. They gave me what food they had, they share that with me. That was the most incredible thing and it was very interesting to live in a place where they had not seen white men. Certainly the children never had, and it was very good and to deal with; and from time to time the people at WHO in Addis Ababa, Dr. Henderson, came there once in a while, so I did meet him once. So it was very exciting initially, then it became quite mundane and difficult throughout the course of the two years and a half. Elisa Koski: Thank you. You mentioned that you lived with families while you were staying in these villages? David Bourne: Right. Elisa Koski: Are there any specific memories or stories you can tell me about that experience? That must've been interesting. David Bourne: The interesting - there's a tremendous - I understand that those guys that worked in Southern Ethiopia had a different experience than those of us that worked in the North. Even though the people in the North were always very hospitable, as I mentioned, they weren't particularly enthusiastic, but each day it was assumed that you would be able to spend the night with someone, and it would be only for one night typically because you would be moving on and the people would talk to the Governor and the Governor would - usually have him yourself, but if he weren't available, occasionally, there'd be a - I could understand everything they could say even though sometimes they didn't realize it. Sometimes they'd say, "You take him." "No. You take him." "No. I don't -" But it was fun for us to batter with our Southern colleagues when people would fight over them, "I want him." "I want him." They would kill a sheep for the people in Southern Ethiopia quite often. Nobody ever killed a sheep for us. They killed a few chickens, which was always very welcome and very good. But now I don't think they had as much up in the North and they were certainly a different tribe, but they were always very friendly. One night, I was sleeping outside, even though I was in the company of a family - because it was very hot. I remember waking up to a dog barking very close to me and very scary because the dogs there, they're not exactly pets and not all that friendly, so that was one particular case at that point where I was pretty scared to be out there. But in general they were so friendly and I felt no danger whatsoever. Elisa Koski: You did say they weren't always enthusiastic about what your purpose was in the village. Oftentimes maybe because they had other diseases that they were a little bit worried about. Did you ever run into any problems or difficulties accomplishing what you came to do? David Bourne: Yes. From time to time, they absolutely would refuse. In general, the way it worked is that the decision makers had had smallpox before, so these were the adults and it was very [inaudible0:13:26] minor in Ethiopia so the mortality rate wasn't very high. So they would often be able to survive and they knew they couldn't get it again, so the people, the governors, the decision makers, the adults, they weren't enthusiastic, but they would almost always let their children be vaccinated. But you had to go seek them out, generally speaking. They might come in small groups. I understand many times our colleagues in the South, they would have to have the police control the crowds too because they wanted to be vaccinated. So it was a little different. But occasionally, people would absolutely refuse. "No. Get out. We don't want you in our village. Leave." In that case, I would ignore the affected village, but vaccinate the surrounding villages. Thereby, they would be unwittingly protected to a large extent because I would be able to vaccinate those surrounding villages. Now during the course of our tenure there, the Emperor, Haile Selassie, was overthrown in a coup but I assume they are the people who are still in power today. It was a Military Junta and the types of people at least - if they were still in power today - and that created a situation of anarchy to a large extent in the countryside because the Government had been overthrown, I think in general, the Government did not affect the people, they were farmers, kind of under a feudal system, but everyone had a gun in Ethiopia. There was one situation, where right after that revolution, in the county seat in the effect I flew into, some students had surrounded a judge's house who was being transferred and they were in the spirit of the revolution and they said, "No. This judge expropriated property from the people. He's unjust and he's not leaving." So the judge hired some robbers, in effect, highway men, they were fairly common there, "Shift" as they called them; and these robbers were well armed and he hired them to escort him and his family and his stuff. They were planning to go by mule or whatever to the next town, but when these shifters came, these highway men came to his house, the students and the people in the town, they had a gun battle. The judge's wife was killed certainly and most of his family and about half of the highway men were killed. This is the gun battle that occurred the day before - the day of the evening I was walking back there. So the guy I was staying with was in effect the Public Health Officer who was a doctor, and he was treating the wounded - the remaining wounded who were very badly wounded, and the people in the house, they threatened to burn down our house, his house, the one I was staying in because he had done that, but they fortunately didn't do that. But talking about refusal, the next day I was scheduled to go back North and no one would go with me because the people that got killed were from the Northern part of that county; and they were rumored to be coming down to burn down the town. Kind of like the Old West. Then the next day, the judge's family arrived by plane from Addis Ababa, the capital, armed with machine guns and whatnot to exact revenge on the people and I left on that very plane. It was time for me to go. In fact, that was the last time I was in that part of the country. Elisa Koski: It seems like that would've been quite a dangerous situation. David Bourne: It had appeared to be. Everybody else really thought so and I was ready to go, and I was pretty - I guess I was 24 by that time, 25. But I could understand that the guide I had usually: he said, "What good would that do me if I got killed up there-I'm from the South;" and there was going to be a big feud between the North and the South. During that whole period there were a lot of situations like that where the citizens took advantage of the roles of the anarchy in the country, and then soon after that, Peace Corps offered people to leave voluntarily because of the deteriorating situation. Most of us stayed, I stayed through my tenure and a couple of months beyond, but the next year, I'd say, I think it was probably in '75, they actually kicked the Peace Corps out of Ethiopia, and everybody left. Elisa Koski: How far along into your time with the Peace Corps did this occur; and after it occurred, did that change how you played your role in the Smallpox Program? David Bourne: I was pretty well - I was there a total of about two and a half years and this was probably about two years into it. So I had about three months to go and I think if memory serves me right, it was time to go to the desert anyway which was totally different. Their political situation was - there weren't that much people, there wasn't much Government and the Nomads that we dealt with went back and forth between what was called then the territory of [inaudible 0:19:42] in Ethiopia; I think it was Somalia Land or - So the political considerations and the security situations were far different in the desert. So I finished out my tenure in the desert and then I agreed to remain a couple more months to train the new group of smallpox volunteers, about nine or 12 of them that came, and I stayed for about two months or three months helping the Ethiopian contractors train this new group. Elisa Koski: Now you mentioned a little bit earlier that you did have some contact with WHO and CDC counterparts such as Dr. Henderson. Can you tell me a little bit more about that relationship? David Bourne: I remember meeting him only once, but we had - with regard to CDC, I only met only one CDC person. I don't recall his name. He was an EIS Officer that came from Atlanta for a period of time, three months or so, and he actually worked in a different - in a neighboring province but I did meet him. So there were very few CDC people in Ethiopia and there were a few WHO people, Dr. Vitello[inaudible name0:21:09] was the head of the program there in Ethiopia for WHO. I dealt with a Brazilian Epidemiologist Dr. Ciro de Quadros and an Indonesian Epidemiologist, Dr. Peter Kaswar[inaudible name0:21:25]. There was actually also a Russian Epidemiologist I know who came down there; so they had an office there in the capital city in Addis Ababa. I dealt mainly with Dr. Kaswar, to some extent with Dr. De Quadros. So we would occasionally meet with Dr. Hen - I would happen to be in the office one day-It might have been literally, right after I'd left the troubled area, the plane was going to Addis, so I went there to Addis Ababa and I may have met him there. I remember the conversation, I was talking to him about my - the success with those jet guns, the people seemed to like them on the one hand, but on the other hand, they so often broke down especially in the desert. So in effect that turned out - I thought it was a good idea and told him so; and he thought that was interesting, but in the end, they didn't work for me very well. But I did have a brief conversation; he wanted to know the status, where I'd come from, that kind of thing, and the country. It was an honor to meet him there because at that time, he was the Director of the global program. So that was the extent of my dealing with WHO From time to time I would go to the office, not very often: the day to day efforts would be just me and a guide and we're out for 30 days at a time and then go back to the provincial capital of the town of about 60,000; and we had an office within the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, in effect the Health Department. So we had a smallpox office there that - even though there were four of us, we were gone so much, we rarely saw each other. Elisa Koski: Were there any specific challenges or positive aspects to working with the Ministry of Health? David Bourne: With working with the Ministry of Health? Elisa Koski: Yes. David Bourne: They were very - actually I don't recall if we were in any challenges particularly, they were very enthusiastic, very dedicated; and there weren't that many of them either. We probably outnumbered them. They would have - maybe within the province, they would probably have a staff of maybe four and there were four to six of us, so it was pretty equal and in general we wouldn't have a lot of interaction with them because like we did, they would go to different parts of the province. So when we did come together they were very dedicated, good friends of ours and so forth. Then I had nothing but praise for them and their dedication and their competence. Elisa Koski: Great. You mentioned early in your interview that you had about four to six team members who were also Peace Corps volunteers, but that you didn't see them incredibly often. You were on your own most of the time. David Bourne: Right. Elisa Koski: Were they doing the same sort of thing and how often did you get to share your experiences together? David Bourne: They're doing exactly the same thing. Now this was just in that particular province. So I think we might have had four people there. Throughout the country, there might have been at any one time, 20 Peace Corps volunteers in the Smallpox Program, or 25, in different parts of the country. But each of us did exactly the same job. We would go to different provinces because they were - in our province, Wollo, that was probably - if I remember right it almost led the nation in a number of smallpox cases by that time and I think they were among the last cases in Ethiopia after I left Wollo province or near there. So we had plenty to do. I would say, my area and other people's might have been similar, but I in effect, I think was responsible for an area maybe 40 miles wide and 120 miles long, maybe 250,000 people, the way I remember it, but there were no roads, no electricity, no towns. Well, there were some towns, but there were no roads with the exception of an old road built in the '40s that was impassable, or mostly so. I would walk up and down that area for two years and mainly in the North, and my colleagues would do the same. They would go to other areas and they did a lot of walking as well. Elisa Koski: I'd like to talk a little bit about how this whole experience in Ethiopia really influenced your life after; and how it impacted your career in Public Health? David Bourne: Great. Right after I came back, I came back around October of 1974; and actually, as a result of my conversation with this EIS Officer in Ethiopia, he told me about working for CDC, about the process, and that's what I wanted to do. That was the single purpose I had. At the time before I met him, earlier in my career in Ethiopia, I was thinking about coming back and going to Pharmacy School, but I decided I would try to work for CDC. So I immediately, probably the next day, applied to CDC there in October of '74 and I had an interview and I was hired to start in Los Angeles in January of '75 with the VD Program as everyone in CDC virtually then, and maybe today I'm not sure, I think it may have changed now; but that was the path. You started out as a VD Investigator for CDC, and I started out in Los Angeles. So I went from Los Angeles to CDC; to Anchorage, Alaska, and to Gallup in New Mexico. So New Mexico happened to be where I'm from, so when the time came to be transferred, I decided I didn't want to be transferred and wanted to remain in New Mexico so I resigned from CDC after about eight years and then I - So the Peace Corps was directly responsible for my remaining in Public Health and remaining in and being at CDC, and I did that for about eight years and then for other reasons I didn't - I remained with CDC. From there I worked for the U.S. General Accounting Office for similar number of years, maybe 10 years, and I currently work with the U.S. Department of Energy. So I've stayed with the Federal Government from the time I started the Peace Corps in several different agencies including CDC, and it was directly responsible for my decision and my ability to work for CDC. Elisa Koski: Thanks. Just in closing, I would like to ask if there is anything else, any other particularly poignant memories or stories you would like to share about your time in Ethiopia that we haven't covered so far? David Bourne: It was basically a - it was a very hard job. At first it was very exciting, it relatively quickly became hard and mundane, but it was very rewarding because you could and you would leave a village and know that they've had - that area had smallpox for maybe 2000 years and will never have small pox again. At the time, I think that feeling and perspective is growing with time especially when you view the global program in perspective of disease control programs that they're seeking now. So it was very, very rewarding. I did have the opportunity - also there was a massive cholera outbreak in the desert during one of the summers there, and that was a situation where far more people were dying and it was far more serious, but we were able to - myself and a colleague, particularly another Peace Corps volunteer, were able to maybe vaccinate several thousand people and even start a couple of IVs which we'd never done before and haven't done since. But that was rewarding as well. So on balance, it was really quite difficult, but very, very rewarding and I appreciate the chance talking about it. Elisa Koski: Thank you so much for talking to me about your experience. It sounds like it was very rewarding and had a great impact on your life. We really appreciate sharing your experiences. David Bourne: Great. Thank you. Elisa Koski: Thanks. [End of Audio - 0:31:00] </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bGFAnlxexFw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. 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Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication Smallpox Eradication Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/a9be6d0ca81489f999e72d046111ce04.JPG 1689b2e4fbcf0f43139ed7a44aee3c12 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 446 Width 411 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/d47ab7e3f05414912369b35cff49c999.doc 1559522358bcd9f8808da7cfaa168834 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PAPER – Eradication: Africa Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication Description An account of the resource “A Miracle Happened There: The West and Central African Smallpox Eradication Program and Its Impact,” a paper presented to the Histories of the Global Eradication of Smallpox at Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at the University of London on April 25th, 2007. Written by Joel G. Breman, MD, DTPH, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Breman, Joel (Author); Fogarty Center, NIH Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Breman, Joel, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2220, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 www.fic.nih.gov Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 25, 2007 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/msword Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15jft emory:15jft Smallpox Eradication https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/811406a0ce529ab6937636488b891bd6.JPG 1ce7019f2f7ea9b12670d276e4a5b8db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HaKN0yacZPQ" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. 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Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/cbdd2c06154ff94d51466c4baa967647.jpg 5f212b3a70ff1902fba1d141b40c8c5f Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 1828 Width 1456 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15w16 emory:15w16 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 2684952 bytes image/tiff Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Britt, Jeannie (Owner); CDC; Exhibit Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource SHAPONA DISPLAY Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of a display showing the area of West Africa in which Shapona, Yoruba God of smallpox, is worshipped. *** For more information see Document entitled Timi of Ede. Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox god Yoruba Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/dcc37c123fc6687a3091f38791836c65.png 135a9504252912edff39da1762befc86 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkCniziDsIA&amp;list=PL9IJKWo9nRDurUjN3ZvWkFegMxKLmfR-N&amp;index=63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VD: A Call to Action Description An account of the resource A narration of an epidemiologist's day tracking cases of venereal disease in Fall River, Massachusetts with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Division of Communicable and Venereal Diseases. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Part of the David J. Sencer CDC Museum Collection at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-1980s Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017 510 50 01 David J. Sencer CDC Museum Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CCM films in cooperation with the American Social Health Association calls carrier case contacts epidemiologists female gonorrhea male medicine pencillin phyisican sex syphilis treatment Venereal Disease https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/0dfb57857b1a1a372f80d9c7a571d2c8.jpg 412e76cd13a52757bf4a6487186401fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SURGEON GENERAL'S REPORT ON AIDS Description An account of the resource A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) employee reviews the Public Health Service (PHS) publication highlighting the Surgeon General’s Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) information. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CDC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Public Health Image Library Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 5716 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1988 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/7a12cd09e49fa74bd607f8e4c01edfdb.jpg 329bbecd21beb5e4f31937f8ab5c0c1d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo, Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TASK FORCE ON AIDS Description An account of the resource Some of the various aspects of the AIDS investigations carried out by the CDC Task Force on AIDS. FROM LEFT TO RIGHT. Dr. Bruce Evatt, Director, Division of Host Factors, Dr. Steven McDougal, Chief, Immunology Branch, and Dr. Onno Van Assendelft, Chief, Clinical Medicine Branch. Discuss an approach to patients with Hemophilia including ideas on possible methods of identifying an agent for the cause of HIV. On the board shows an idea of passing a HIV patient’s plasma or Factor VIII concentrate through a column to isolate any particles the size of viruses or larger (a standard technique), isolating Immunoglobulin [IgG] from patients with the syndrome, and using the IgG to precipitate any possible agent, examining with electron microscope [EM] and/or culture Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Task Force slide book Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017.012.012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CDC Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available David J. Sencer CDC Museum