39 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/2c6fb3841eba06514830b5afa9ab4e7c.jpg b5827d1853179cc0066bca6e00375bc6 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/f421a75005a3047326938af9b1370218.pdf b92bbc1092439c0b5f12d28f0f22136f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZXXH576_UWw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MACK, THOMAS M. Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource Dr. Tom Mack discusses epidemiologic observations in Africa and Pakistan. Tom had not been part of the formal Smallpox Eradication Program team but has researched areas of smallpox epidemiology. Interviewed by Melissa McSwegin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 2008 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Smallpox Workers (2008 : Atlanta, Georgia) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8188560000 bytes video/x-dv Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource moving image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16s23 emory:16s23 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/d6d8f6e0a7baee2ec152e3d916cdd917.jpg 9c82c9143b5028c1060873b6bb60a25f https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/14c20f3205f97b3b2a9a23136d88498e.pdf 271551e47c57078b6293465233fdef7c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> INTERVIEW Audio File: Vince Radke Audio File Transcribed: January 29, 2009 Interviewer: I'm Dave Sensor and I'm interviewing Vince Radke. Vince is an employee of CDC. It's April 1st, 2008. We're interviewing at CDC in the afternoon and Vince realizes that he's being photographed and recorded and he's signed the permit. First Vince in ten minutes or less... Interviewee: Okay. Interviewer: ...tell me about your early years. Interviewee: Okay, Dr. Sensor. Early years born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. Did my undergraduate at Michigan State University in biology and... Interviewer: Too bad. Interviewee: Too - yeah I know. Well, you know, these graduates from Michigan, you know. I always got to put up with them. But then after that - well while I was at Michigan State I put an application into the peace corps and about a year later I get a call from a gentleman and he said, "Vince would you come to Philadelphia? We'd like to tell you a little bit about Ethiopia and a little bit about smallpox." And I said, "Oh that would be great." Well the next thing I did, made a beeline for the library and got all the books I could on Ethiopia and tried to find out what smallpox was. To make a long story short, came down to CDC in nineteen seventy. They were having a training program for two weeks for the peace corps volunteers who were going to be going over to Ethiopia. So, the best, the best by far training I have ever had in my entire life was those two weeks here at CDC in smallpox. I had some great, great instructors. D.A. Henderson was one of them, Bill Fergie and others. It was just, just a fantastic time. Right after that then we flew off to Ethiopia and for the next three and a half years I worked in the smallpox eradication program there in Kaffa Province. Interviewer: What had you been doing before Ethiopia and after college? Interviewee: Well, right - I came in right in out of college. That summer is when I went to - I had just graduated from Michigan State. That was the summer of nineteen seventy and the - that July we were in Philadelphia for the first interview and then the summer I spent visiting some friends in Michigan. And then a call came in September to come down for the training at CDC and this was September/October of nineteen seventy. And then we were here for two weeks for that training in smallpox eradication and then we hoped the plane to New York and changed planes there and on our way to Ethiopia. And for the next three and a half years that's what I did. The two, it was only a two year original commitment but we were - I enjoyed the work. It was tough but I enjoyed the work so they asked me if I would stay for another year and I said yeah I'll stay for another year and then stayed for six months beyond that. And then came back and then I knew that I needed to get some more education. So I started at the University of Pittsburgh to get my masters degree in public health and while there I was contacted by D.A. Henderson and he said, "Vince we could use some help in Bangladesh for a short while." And I said, "D.A. I'd love to come," and so made arrangements and for six months I worked in the smallpox eradication in Bangladesh. Interviewer: In Ethiopia what were your main responsibilities? Interviewee: In Ethiopia we, my partner Mark Strosberg and I -- also a peace corps volunteer -- were assigned to Kaffa Province. That's in the southwestern part of Ethiopia and we were there to find cases of smallpox and vaccinate. We were told originally when we saw the reports that the number of cases of smallpox in Ethiopia, couple of hundred a year. I think the year before we arrived they reported like seven hundred cases. Dr. Sensor I think within the first couple of weeks we were there we had over a thousand cases of smallpox. We would contact, go to schools, go to market areas in Kaffa Province and we'd ask, show pictures of small pox and we would be inundated with people saying in their village or in their areas there was smallpox. And so we picked a couple of villages and I went one way and Mark went the other way. And so we were looking for cases of smallpox, recording them, we'd record each of the cases of smallpox, we'd record the number of people that we would vaccinate, names of the villages and then from there we would get reports that would take us on to the next village and every - inevitably we found some smallpox. So for the next about three years I did that. Interviewer: Was the work environment in Ethiopia a good one? Interviewee: It was good. We were - we had great cooperation all along the line from the Ministry of Health in Ethiopia, also the World Health Organization. Our two smallpox people there from WHO were Ciro de Quadros, Dr. Ciro de Quadros and Dr. Kurt Weithaler. They led the program. You were - I was assigned to the Ministry of Health and you had an official government car and that helped very much. We went out to the Provinces and met with the governor and the local officials. They gave us good cooperation down there. Sometimes they would supply us with a guide and a translator even though they trained the peace corps in the local language in Ethiopia or the government language which was Amharic. In Ethiopia you have seventy different languages and two hundred dialects. So each time you would go cross another mountain range or move into another area you would be in a totally different language and so we had to have a translator with us and a guide. So the government officials were very, very helpful in doing that. Interviewer: Were you married when you were there? Interviewee: No I wasn't. I didn't get married until I finished in Bangladesh. Came back from Bangladesh in the end of seventy six and then met my wife at the University of Pittsburgh and then got married in August of seventy seven and then shortly after that went to Kenya to work on the smallpox eradication program. That was the last stages where we were trying to document that there were zero cases in Kenya. Interviewer: While you were in Ethiopia what was the most gratifying thing? Interviewee: Oh wow. That's a tough question because there was - Dr. Sensor there were a lot of gratifying times. To pick one. To me I remember one village I had been in Ethiopia and there was a number of cases of smallpox already in the village. Some children had had smallpox and we vaccinated and got good coverage, good cooperation from the local chief in the area and we felt we had a good job. And so we left that area and then moved on, on to another area. I went back a couple of months after and I was coming down the road one day and here was this chief that I had met a couple of months before. And he got off his mule and he came up to me and he said, "Thank you very much and thank Haille Sellasse for bringing you because you had saved much suffering for the children by giving them the vaccination." So that made me feel great and just knowing that we were beginning to stop this transmission. That was gratifying that indeed this plan that had been worked out it was working now, it was working and there were less and less cases as we went through the years. It was very gratifying. There was one time I had been out for about three months or so and I had reported - in a two week period I had reported over a thousand cases of smallpox I had recorded. It was just incredible and I remember talking to D.A. Henderson and he had said that at that time those two weeks that I had reported he said, "You and Mark Strosberg and the others that were working in Ethiopia at that time in Kaffa Province," said, "you had 10% of all the cases of smallpox for that period of time," so that was another gratifying moment. Interviewer: In some countries it's alleged that undue force was used to vaccinate people. Was that ever an issue in Ethiopia? Interviewee: No for the most part. I remember a few occasions when we'd be in the market vaccinating. We'd go to the market. Usually these markets they had once a week in an area so Wednesday was their market day and we knew this. So we'd go there into the market area and we'd do a couple of things. One we'd ask for cases of smallpox and the other one was that we would set up a vaccination for those that wanted it. Sometimes the local person in charge, the chief or whatever, wanted to make sure that everybody got vaccinated so they would drag some of the people to us to get vaccinated. So in that sense that was - but it was very, it was very rare. I think it was more often that if people didn't want to get the vaccination we didn't force it on them. And we knew just the methodology that we didn't need to vaccinate everybody. We knew if we got the majority of the contacts that we could break that transmission and indeed that was the case. So it really wasn't necessary for us to do that. I know all the volunteers that I worked with in Ethiopia, whether it was in Bangladesh I mean we never forced people to be vaccinated. Interviewer: Was there a big contingent of volunteers? Interviewee: In Ethiopia I think there were thirteen or fourteen of us that went over in the first group of peace corps volunteers and then every other year cause we were on a two year cycle, another group of peace corps volunteers would come in to replace those that were going. In the second and third year we got some other additional international volunteers. Some of them from Japan, some of them from Australia. We had volunteers there also. We had quite an international group of people in Ethiopia and Bangladesh from I would say twenty, thirty different countries. It was great to see the cooperation and working with all those different people. It was really great. Enjoyed it. Interviewer: Do you remember the name of the Director of the Ethiopian smallpox program? Interviewee: Well that was - the Director for the program he was an Austrian and that was Dr. Kurt Weithaler. Interviewer: The Ethiopian one. Interviewee: Oh, the Ethiopian. I can't remember Dr. Sensor. I worked with - you know the Ethiopians that I remember are the ones that I worked with. The sanitarians, the dressers that were down in Kaffa Province. Interviewer: The Director of the program was the director of the control of diarrheal disease in nineteen eighty seven after the government had changed and it was unhappy situation. Interviewee: Yeah, it was, it was. I talked and maintained a lot of my contacts over the years in Ethiopia and almost to the person they expressed the time after Haille Sellasse as a bad time, as a bad time, yeah. Interviewer: How long were you in Bangladesh? Interviewee: I was in Bangladesh for about six/seven months from April until November and I think that was seventy five or seventy six. I can't remember now. Interviewer: You were there as a peace corps volunteer? Interviewee: No, I was WHO short term consultant. Interviewer: WHO then. Interviewee: Yeah, at that time, yeah. D.A. Henderson said to me at the time, he says, "Vince," he says, "Yeah, if you're coming I'll tell you basically we're going to give you $50 a day," and at that time I thought man that's all the money in the world. So and - but more so than that just to get a chance of getting back to the smallpox program you know. Interviewer: Where were you in Bangladesh? Interviewee: I was in Sylhet district. When I got there at the airport, Stan Foster, Dr. Foster was there and he met us. First of all we went to the office and then he took us to this house they had. I think they bought the house and it was for the consultants that were coming over to work on the smallpox program. And we had I think two days of orientation and then they - he says, "Okay you're in charge on Sylhet district." And so went up to Sylhet district and worked there for the entire time except for those occasional times we'd come back to Dhaka for a meeting or something. A couple of interesting stories there. Since you were in charge of the entire smallpox program in Sylhet district, you'd have to pay the vaccinators and translators and other people that would help you in the smallpox program and we had to pay them. So we'd come down to Dhaka, we'd have our monthly meeting or every couple of months we'd have a meeting and the other thing was to collect - get the money so when we go back we could pay the people for the work that they had done. Well the denomination in Bangladesh was taka and I forget what the amount was. I think it was like fourteen or fifteen taka to the dollar or something like that. So I'd have this suitcase of money okay and I probably had sixty or seventy taka in it and I'd feel so uneasy with the suitcase of money, throw it in the Land Rover and drive up to Sylhet district with all this money. And I couldn't wait to pay the people so I could get rid of all these thousands and thousands of taka that I had to operate the program but... Interviewer: And [inaudible 16.00] Diego was back in Dhaka worrying about the receipts. Interviewee: Right, absolutely. Receipt for everything. I mean you signed your life away you know, even though at times having the Bangladesh money, the taka there it sometimes was like monopoly money. I didn't really think it was real but I did want to get rid of it because I knew - for them it was very important, you know for the vaccinators and the other people that were giving us a hand. Well, a couple - I could tell you [inaudible 16.29] there are a couple of other stories here. Interviewer: Go on. Interviewee: One story which I'll never forget. I'd been in Bangladesh for a couple of months already and they had this - one of the problems we had was we of course had to document that there was zero cases. So any time we'd get a case of rash we'd try to collect this specimen, get a scab specimen from abrasions, send it off to the lab but we would still do containment even though clinically it might be chickenpox and not smallpox. We'd do containment cause we wanted to be sure. So we'd have to do that containment until we got the lab report back. Well, they had come on with a new test, a rapid test for smallpox which we thought was great because we wouldn't have to do the containment for so long. And so I collected a couple of specimen, sent them down to Dhaka for testing and they came back positive for smallpox and I said well there's no way that this is smallpox. I said this was chickenpox. These were two chickenpox cases. So I called up Stan, Dr. Foster and I said, "Stan," I said, "I'm sorry but they screwed up with the lab here okay." And I said, "These are not cases of smallpox, these are chickenpox." He goes, "Well," he says, "See if you can get some other scabs and ship them down but still do the containment." So I did and then a couple of weeks later had another case of reported rash, did the same thing and it came back positive again for smallpox. So I called up Stan again and I said, "Stan this test is no good. I mean we're getting false positives here. I mean I can't - these are clinically, these are not smallpox cases." He goes, "Yeah," he says, "Yeah we've been having some discussions about that here." He says, "But I want you to continue to what you want, to continue to collect the specimens and send them down." So I thought to myself you know what I'm going to send him some specimens but they're not going to be scabs of chickenpox or whatever. What I went ahead and did was to vaccinate myself with the smallpox vaccine. Once I got a scab - I vaccinated myself a couple of times in the arm and I collected those scabs from the vaccine and I put those in the container and falsified the records and sent them down to Stan Foster and they came back positive okay for variola virus. And I said, "Stan," I says, "You know that's vaccinia virus." I said, "That's what's on there." And he goes, "Okay Vince." He says, "I knew you were up to something because when you falsified that report the name that you put on there was a very common Bangladeshi name and I just knew that wasn't the true case." So later on that test indeed was no longer used so we went back to the old testing methods. The other story in Bangladesh that was, that I'll always remember was my last case of smallpox in Bangladesh. We had gotten a report that there was a person with smallpox on a public launch. This was a boat that would go from village to village in Bangladesh up the river and we heard reports that this person had gotten off this launch at about three or four different villages okay, but in one of the villages he had spent overnight. So we went out and visited all those villages where we had gotten reports where he had stopped especially the village where he had stopped overnight to visit. Well it turned out that the people that he was visiting were relatives of his and indeed from all the descriptions that we had this was a smallpox case. And we had gotten there -- I don't know -- maybe about a week after he had been there and there was a small child. It was a female, she was two or three years old if I remember correctly and the mother had told us that she had a fever and I go, "Okay." So I said, "Well we're going to have to keep you in the house and we'll supply you with food and water. We'll go out and get things for you but we need for you to stay here." And so we did that and that - even though the child had fever we vaccinated the child because we weren't sure if this was going to be smallpox or not. Well indeed it did turn out to be a very mild case of smallpox but it was smallpox. And a little funny story - and the child did well and recovered and everybody was grateful. But what's interesting, on the form that we had we had to put date of onset and date of discovery. Well, in most cases your date of discovery was a few days after the date of onset of rash. Now, in this case when I filled out my report, I put the date of discovery a couple of days before the beginning of rash. And I thought this is really great, this is good work. We're getting ahead of the disease. I said we're going to - we've got this down. So I was very proud of myself. I was going down to Dhaka to turn in my report to Stan Foster. He'd gotten my report and then he said, "Mr. Radke I've got your report here." And I go, "Yeah, I'm very proud." And he goes, "You've got the date of discovery wrong." "No that was the correct date." "Mr. Radke you cannot find the disease before it happens." I says, "Well we did." I says, "We were right on top of it." And he goes, "No we're going to have to change the date of discovery at least to the date of onset of the rash." So I had to change my report for the date of discovery but what was really important to me was at that point I knew we had gotten a handle on the disease and we were - we had broken that transmission then so that made me feel good, it made me feel real good. Interviewer: What were some of the main obstacles to your work in Bangladesh? Interviewee: Oh, the monsoon season was really tough Dave. It - and that was, for me that was one of the roughest periods because it was hard to move during the monsoon season. The rains were intense, sometimes the winds were very intense so you couldn't get out as much as you wanted and what would happen in Bangladesh when the monsoon hit, the entire land would just flood out. The rice fields and everything would just be covered in water and some of the water could be fairly deep, eight, ten, twelve feet deep. And the only thing you have then in Bangladesh were these built up villages and those were the only things that showed and the people couldn't - they didn't have a lot of boats so they couldn't leave the island. And sometimes if the people or the cows got too close to the edge of the water in these villages, they would slip into the water. And you would see - there would be bodies that would be floating, there would be dead cows would be floating down the water. And it was just - it was tough to work in those conditions, it really was. It was a really rough time in the monsoon season to get around and then to see the death as a result of the monsoon season. It was bad. Interviewer: How would you say your work in smallpox influenced your future? Interviewee: Oh man, it set me on the road to public health. You've got to imagine, I was graduating nineteen seventy from Michigan State. I got to put this a little bit in context here. The killings at Kent State had happened that spring and I along with a number of other students organized to shutdown the campus at Michigan State and we did okay. We shut it down for a couple of days and then the president of the university got smart, gave the school a day off and by the time they came back from school we had - the strike had dissipated. But I didn't know what I wanted to do. I thought well because I hadn't heard from the peace corps yet and I thought well I'll go into graduate school and continue with biology maybe work in a lab or something. So when that call came about to be a peace corps volunteer in Ethiopia and work in the smallpox program, I was excited. And then when I got into the program and to see how a public health program could indeed benefit many people, to me that was very gratifying and I have been in public health in one aspect or another very since, ever since nineteen seventy. It sets me - that's where to get my masters degree in public health and I've been at state and local health departments ever since I got back to the United States in nineteen seventy eight, seventy nine and now I'm in environmental health but it's still it's a practice of public health. So I think there was only a short six month stint in my entire work history that I was in the private sector. So it's always been public sector and it's always been public health so I haven't left it. Enjoyed every moment. Interviewer: Why did you pick University of Pittsburgh? Interviewee: I had applied to a number of schools and Pittsburgh was one of the schools and at the time I'd gotten some financial aid. They were the only ones to offer some financial aid and as a peace corps volunteer even though they set aside some money for you every month while you're a peace corps volunteer, it wasn't a lot of money. So I didn't have a lot of money. In fact when I got to the University of Pittsburgh with a little bit of - it was a U.S. public health traineeship that I got. I also got - had to do some - I had a work study program so that's why I went there. The other schools were a little bit more expensive so I chose University of Pittsburgh. Good school, good school. Interviewer: Did you know Dr. Cutler? Interviewee: Oh my goodness! Did I know... Interviewer: Yes. Interviewee: Dr. Cutler was my advisor. John Cutler was my advisor. He was an inspiration to me. I know some of his past but he was a true gentleman, a true scholar. He guided me on my masters papers that I did and I - I'm always grateful. And he was the one that I approached after D.A. Henderson had asked me to come. I went to him and I said, "Dr. Cutler I have a chance to work in the smallpox program in Bangladesh. Do you mind if I break my education here for a little bit?" He goes, "Vince take all the time you want. In fact we probably can even give you credit for it," for some of that and so I was very grateful. Stayed in contact with him and his wife until his passing but I knew John - knew Dr. Cutler and just a wonderful - just a wonderful man, just a wonderful man. Oh man, that brings back memories. Interviewer: Maybe we better stop then. Wow. Interviewee: You know I've been very lucky. I have met some of the top leaders in public health that have guided me and I just can't - I just can't say enough you know. That I've met either at the school of public health in Pittsburgh or in the smallpox program. It's just tremendous, just tremendous. You can't put a price on that, you can't put a price on it. Interviewer: The smallpox program brought forth an awful lot of good people. Interviewee: Oh, oh my goodness. I can't say enough about Don Millard, D.A. Henderson, Bill Fergie, Joe Breman, yourself. I don't want to embarrass you. You guys were just - were just great, just great. And the support, I mean Dr. de Quadros, Dr. Weithaler, tremendous, tremendous people. Larry Brilliant another one. I can go on and on. I could go on and on. I mean they're just - it was just - it was an honor. At the time of course you don't know it. Actually they're just one of the smallpox guys but later on I come back, it was a real honor and privilege to work with them. And you know Steve - oh I could go and on. Interviewer: You know Larry Brilliant had these tee-shirts made in Bangladesh that said eradicate chickenpox. Interviewee: Pox, right yes, yes. I have a shirt and I'll wear it when I come in July that my wife knitted and it has on the back of it, it has the smallpox target zero on it. So I'll wear that. Interviewer: You can still wear it? Interviewee: Huh? Oh yeah. I don't wear it too often because I don't wear it out but I have it hanging up in the closet and I bring it out occasionally so this will be - I should have worn it here. Interviewer: We'll look forward to it. Interviewee: Yeah, yeah, yeah. Because she even after we got married she knew. While we were married we went over to Kenya for that last year for the smallpox program and she knew how important this smallpox program was to me. So when she knitted that shirt so I'll... Interviewer: You've been fortunate. Interviewee: Oh my God. Interviewer: Another country has been fortunate to have people like you. Interviewee: Oh. No, I am fortunate to have known a lot, a lot of good people in the smallpox program in the public health. And you know another story. I had - when I came back after I got my masters degree at the University of Pittsburgh I had also tried to get into CDC and the EIS program. Well at that time they wanted doctors and you had to have an MD or DMV and so I couldn't get in and I was always - I was always sad about that because I had remembered the training I had gotten here at CDC and the great people. And I thought boy what an institution to be a part of but I didn't okay. So I thought well you got to go on with your life, you just can't do nothing. So I stayed in public health but at the state and local level and that dream of getting into smallpox that faded until one day I got a call - I got an email from two colleagues. One at CDC who I had worked with on food borne disease outbreaks earlier and another colleague in Minnesota that I was working with and both of them said to me, "Vince there's an ideal job at CDC for you." They were looking for a sanitarian for their program there, the environmental health services branch. And I go, "Well." I says, "Guys I'm not interested now. My wife and I are in Minnesota, we're doing great." And the one guy at CDC who was an EIS officer said, "No, Vince you owe me okay. You need to at least apply here." So make a long story short, I applied and got in. To me Dave CDC was always the temple, the public health temple on a mount and so I'm so grateful to be here. Just so grateful. This is a great place to work. Great place to work. Interviewer: On that note we better quit. Interviewee: Yeah. </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kInVdz_LBis" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RADKE, VINCE Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication Description An account of the resource Vince Radke, MPH., describes his early life, his decision to join the Peace Corps, his work in Ethiopia and Bangladesh during the smallpox eradication programs in 1972-75. Explains how this changed his life and career path. Interviewed by Dr. David Sencer Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1, 2008 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 7336560000 bytes video/x-dv Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16s37 emory:16s37 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/362850b2cd03d7f1ebced34a2d4774af.JPG c3d8fe2c0e1c1703b5d788c1f1dbbc1f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong>Interview Transcript</strong> Speech Don Hopkins Audio File Transcribed: February 5 | Duration 0:15:38 Welcome By Stanley: ...briefly of two of the programs that sort of learned from Smallpox and have gone on and are now doing tremendous things around the world. So first I'd like to introduce Don Hopkins. Don was in the original group in West Africa. His work in Sierra Leone where he had enough resources to do mass vaccination in one, and surveillance and containment in the other, showed the surveillance and containment was far more effective, and then he went on to work in India. I guess you were in Calcutta, Don? Then over the last few years he's been battling the serpent, so let's give a hand of welcome to Don Hopkins. Speech: Don Hopkins Good morning. It's great to be here and a wonderful occasion, and especially for me to be able to share a bit of the story of the Great Worm. To do so would really require another symposium to do so fully. But I've only got nine slides and I want to run through them quickly. Stan asked me whether I might need more time and I said, "No." Fortunately the story of Guinea Worm Eradication, or at least part of it, is told very simply these days. Thank God. Here you see this worm that grows up to two to three feet long, emerges directly through the skin on any part of the body. People who are infected by drinking contaminated water containing immature forms of the parasite, the parasite gets into the water when people with worms coming out of their body, go in to the water and the female worms spew these immature forms into the worm where they're taken up by water fleas and people drink water containing those infected fleas; and a year later the infection emerges. Someone has said, "This is the ultimate in an emerging and infectious disease." I have nine slides, but this is really the one that tells the full story or much of it to date. This initiative began right here at CDC or right here at what used to be CDC, in a different part of the place, with an estimated three and a half million cases. We began here at CDC in 1980. They called us in when President Carter took this up in 1986. But in 1986 we had an estimated three and a half million cases as you see, as of last year, and these are not provisional data; these are final data for 2007. We're down, for the first time, to under 10,000 cases. Two years ago when I presented this; we're still at over 25,000 cases. We've gone from almost 24,000 villages in 1993 to just over 2,000 villages now, infected, and as you see, from 20 countries infected when the program began, now to five. (Next slide) This shows on top there the less than 10,000 indigenous cases reported in 2007 and you can see here the years in which the last cases occurred; and two years ago when I made this presentation to the West Africa Group, we still had a number of other countries including these four which had their last case in 2006 which was still then considered endemic. We are now down as of the end of last year, to five countries: Sudan, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, and Niger; and for a little bit of perspective, let me just note that when in the early 1980s, Ghana and Nigeria were each reporting on the order of 3,000 or 4,000 cases to the World Health Organization. When Ghana did its first case search in 1989, they found just under 180,000 cases, they're down last year to under 4,000 cases. When Nigeria made their count the first time that year as well, Nigeria then counted over 653,000 cases, so you can imagine how far around this room that bar would go, if these data were for 1989 for Nigeria. On the bottom here, you see the last five countries and we've listed Ethiopia here, even though Ethiopia recorded its last official case in 2006. Early this year, they became aware of 37 cases that reportedly were imported from Southern Sudan where there's a lot more Guinea Worm known, but we include Ethiopia here, again, to keep Ethiopia on its toes and not let them feel too comfortable. But here, you see through June of 2008, the number of cases reported so far this year and that in essence is where we are. Here, you see that presented in the form of a map in yellow, the countries that have already broken transmission including all three in Asia: India, Pakistan and Yemen. Then in Africa: Nigeria and Niger there in what appears pink to you; the countries that reported under 100 cases in 2007, and we think that both of them may well have broken transmission already with Niger having reported its last case in November of last year, and Nigeria having had no cases in April, May and June this year. Then you have Mali, Ghana and Sudan there in red, each having had more than 100 cases last year. Here you see cumulatively the global campaign as of the number of cases 2006, 2007, first seven months of 2008. Now the rest of the top three countries remaining, this is Sudan which has reduced its cases so far this year compared to last year by 54%. The Civil War, having ended officially at the beginning of 2005, we have a very energetic group of people there and things are proceeding very well, except for the political insecurity that still remains. Ghana, surprisingly for all of us, was an enormous headache for much longer that it should have been, but they have gotten now back on the straight and narrow and you can see here, Ghana having - this is a record - Jim Zingerser is here, they beat[inaudible 0:7:22] even Niger some years back, but Ghana has reported 85% fewer cases so far this year as compared to last year. This is not a calendar year, this is the epidemiologic year, beginning in July and someone mentioned earlier the importance - I think it was you, Stan, in Bangladesh of social will and involvement of the media and that has certainly been true in Ghana, after over a decade of stagnation in cases. Last year, 2007, Ghana had an explosion of cases in the first of the year, January and February, up in the North of the country; a very neglected part of Ghana from even Colonial times. The epidemic happened to coincide just before March 6, 2007 when Ghana was to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of its Political Independence from Britain. The month before that celebration in February, President Carter came and we used that occasion which unfortunately - fortunately for us - coincided with that terrible outbreak and they were represented on Ghanaian Television; there was just one reporter who was with us when the Chicago Tribune said, this was a scene from hell; of lots of pre-school-aged children crying. It was just awful, but all of that was on Ghanaian Television and there were reporters already, international reporters, beginning to come into the country for the 50th Anniversary of celebration and that helped to generate the requisite political will, social will in Ghana. Mali is having a political problem with Tuaregs in the North, but Mali was well on its way to getting rid of this disease when year before last, unbeknownst to anybody else. A Koranic student walked from an endemic area several hundred kilometers up to the North near the border with Algeria in the region of Kidal; and a year later we, and those people there, became aware of this outbreak. The only good thing about it was that these people in that area of the country were not used to having Guinea Worm disease and they were immediately hell-bent on getting rid of it, so we are having very good cooperation from that population. But we're still having some problems up in that area which we think we are getting on top of. The President of the country has promised to pay more attention to this now and he has been a very strong supporter of this eradication effort. In fact, now President Tour� has been proselytizing for Guinea Worm Eradication in all of the other endemic Francophone countries of Africa and now, to my great sadness, his own country Mali is going to be the last Francophone country to have Guinea Worm disease. This is my last slide showing that the countries in green that have been certified already by WHO as having eradicated - eliminated Guinea Worm disease. You see there that Cambodia in Asia is the only other country outside of Africa, remained to be certified. One of the spillovers from the Smallpox Eradication Program to the Guinea Worm Eradication Program is Joel Breman whose on the International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication. There have been many other spillovers in the form of the surveillance containment, we call it "Case Containment Strategy" as supplied in the Guinea Worm Program; the use of data and indicators to motivate people and to make senior people uncomfortable. In Sierra Leone, we had a little newsletter run off by mimeograph called, The Eradicator - We Now Have Guinea Worm Wrap Up, put out through CDC. Use of hand-drawn maps with dots from Sierra Leone to West Bengal, India, in my experience; lots and lots of local heroes. Some of whom, you've heard about. One thing unfortunately, we do not share with the Smallpox Eradication Program, was a two-week incubation period. Oh! What I wouldn't give for a two-week incubation period of Guinea Worm disease. Let me just ask all of the people in the audience who are veterans of the Smallpox Eradication Program who have also now worked in the Guinea Worm Program to stand. Bill, thank you. That should have included you. Just to end with one smallpox story; we're aiming to get rid of Guinea Worm disease by the end of next year. Sudan is going to be the final battle. We're getting very close, but we're not there yet. I didn't tell a smallpox story last night, but I just want to note that I spent three months, Ernie and I, in West Bengal, India, in the fall of 1973 as part of the first Autumn Campaign. I went there very full of enthusiasm and enjoyed it much more even than I expected to, but by the time I'd left - you have to understand that as much as I loved India, I did not like Indian food and the thing that saved me was that we found a Chinese restaurant in Calcutta when we came back before I left. That, plus walking into the villages caused me to loose - and at that time when I went into India I weighed a little less than I weigh now, but I lost 17 lbs. going there, and I also came hell-bent on getting a replica of this Shitala Mata, Goddess of Smallpox. I had a copy from the program in Lagos, the last big reunion I attended in Lagos of the smallpox program, of the Smallpox Goddess of West Africa; and I wanted to get one of India, and the whole three months in West Bengal, asking, asking, asking; I never found one. Debriefed in Delhi and took a last quick trip down to Agra to see the Taj Mahal. Leaving the city in the vehicle going back to New Delhi, my last full day in India and I see - because I'm doing constant surveillance for my Smallpox Goddess - I saw in a little shop along the way this thing; and I shouted, "Stop!" to the diver, got out and bought - these were two marble, I think, small replicas of this goddess. I bought two of them and put them in my pocket because it's my last day there. Leaving the country, I was overweight, so I put them in my trench coat pocket, I didn't have any room to plant them [inaudible15:01] and I actually won a discussion with the airline people who wanted to charge me overweight baggage. But I explained that I weighed 17 lbs less than when I came here; and so, I got rid of it. That is how Dave Sencer came to acquire a copy of the smallpox goddess which he donated - you see it in the Odyssey downstairs there. They were not presented to me, I bought them. Thank you. [End of audio] </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="1830" style="width:100%;height:1830px;" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702?embed=true"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2008 Guinea Worm Status Description An account of the resource Dr. Don Hopkins discusses the statuus of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program and relates that to the lessons learned from smallpox eradication. Cases still occuring in Sudan, Nigeria, Pakistan. He is introduced by Dr. Stanley Foster. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 12, 2008 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/bc72461885eb2d899c3500421ddb4f06.pdf 838f83e2444062035ed130b68cfaf6fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MCWA REPORT – Treatment Description An account of the resource “Treatment of Malaria,” an informational document about the drug treatment of Malaria, suppressive and clinical. Produced by the War Department, Army Service Forces, Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service, Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA]. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1944 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.015.4.pdf https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/b0f547d90c6b082e9ea30f34b4d37878.pdf 51d3029f063f25e668fcb183476c4e2a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MCWA REPORT – Murine Typhus Epidemiology Description An account of the resource “Epidemiological Data for Murine Typhus Control Activities,” a report on the outcomes of Murine Typhus control programs enacted in the United States. Produced by the U.S. Public Health Service, Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA], Medical Division. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June,1945 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.015.5.pdf https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/4eda1ede285e3909221e09aa7f5734ff.pdf 06cb734260fa4a8519928e057b974d7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MCWA REPORT – March-June 1942 Description An account of the resource “Organization Report in Lieu of Monthly Report of Malaria Control in War Areas,” a monthly report on the activities of Malaria Control in War Areas from March to June of 1942. Produced by the Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA]. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.015.10.pdf https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/324ee535ddcf71cac61a8c20f969023c.pdf 69ad5e9865f1e601e36a71539686c701 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DATA – U.S. Typhus October 1947 Description An account of the resource “Source Data on Endemic Typhus Fever Morbidity,” a document prepared to provide a general source for statistical information concerning reported cases of Typhus in the continental United States from 1941 through 1945. Produced by the Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Center. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1947 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.015.11.pdf https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/26dc5a735395238be00574313baba78f.pdf 011009bee873187aedd65ca79445e22a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MCWA REPORT - Schistosomiasis Description An account of the resource “Tropical Disease Series: Schistosomiasis,” a manual designed to accompany the film strip “Schistosomiasis” which contains supplemental information on the disease. Produced by the Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA]. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/470f179b2abec93c41ff3b50421ac8e6.pdf bca13207c59b34a5884196ac9ca3f7c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TYPHUS CONTROL MEMORANDUM – No. 22 Description An account of the resource “Typhus Control Memorandum No. 52,” TO: District Directors, State Health Offices, and Others Concerned FROM: Engineering Division, U.S. Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Center REGARDING: Residual Dusting in Meat Processing Plants Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 10, 1946 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.015.13.pdf https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/1075b281e5f30d2d26483803a22c40e9.pdf 778a8a96a806734658dc6b6bb584d0cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TYPHUS CONTROL MEMORANDUM – No. 59 Description An account of the resource “Typhus Control Memorandum No. 59,” TO: District Directors, State Health Officers, and Others Concerned FROM: John S. Wiley, Sanitary Engineer, Typhus Control Branch, Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Center REGARDING: More 1080 Killings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1948 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.15.13.pdf https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/99ed6299f99b82519839627c5b3c88a1.pdf 6de7e40dd1da8bf4deb0784a553a97b8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MCWA FIELD BULLETIN – September 1944 Description An account of the resource “Field Bulletin: In Service Training and Information,” a monthly Field Bulletin of Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA] activities for September 1944 featuring An Anopheline Survey in New Mexico, Pumps for Malaria Control in Puerto Rico, and Malaria Control in Swamp Areas. Produced by the Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA]. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1944 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.015.17.pdf https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/ce2bf9ee458a99de94cad407d55c8c09.pdf 6d3a42b5d70f61110533ff70d6ea7dc8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MCWA FIELD BULLETIN – November 1944 Description An account of the resource “Field Bulletin: In Service Training and Information,” a monthly Field Bulletin of Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA] activities for November 1944 featuring North Carolina Malaria Blood slide Survey and Mobile Malaria Control Units – 1944. Produced by the Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA]. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 1944 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2012.015.19.pdf