38 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/0dd3c282cdb6fce2fb8a1f5264efb59c.jpg 7b318706655633d9a053d9486bfc50b1 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 2832 Width 3866 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15vs4 emory:15vs4 Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication CDC WHO USAID Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 10973916 bytes image/tiff Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource VACCINATION – Nigeria Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of a vaccination team at work in Nigeria. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/7dd7c003366d200d6da873240bcef86d.jpg c0c76b8e20ed695b51f1d949ad241af4 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 3008 Width 3829 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15vvd emory:15vvd Subject The topic of the resource USAID Smallpox Eradication CDC WHO Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 11543444 bytes image/tiff Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource MEETING – Nigeria 1967 Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of Dr. George Lythcott (at microphone), Dr. E.A. Smith, and Dr. Nugent, World Health Organization (WHO) Rep, at the Smallpox Eradication Regional Meeting in Lagos, Nigeria. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/6e45ad9e76d2ad5ca13126a184389d57.jpg 6122fa98ed348ad779a5df05b5694045 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 3850 Width 2828 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. 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Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. 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Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15w3g emory:15w3g Subject The topic of the resource USAID Smallpox Eradication CDC WHO Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 11834092 bytes image/tiff Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource VACCINATION CEREMONY – Ghana Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of Ghana’s Regional Chieftain Mampong Akwapim, Timi of Ede, with Surgeon Gen. William Stewart at the 25 Millionth Smallpox Vaccination Ceremony in Accra, Ghana. https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/1204dda0ef26101eb592bf7dfd2979b7.jpg 12189c0bdee4bd78044befed41187150 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 3835 Width 3009 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. 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Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/63390e1a7762c2a85e02134442e7b004.jpg 1191fab95507aa73379f8b04974dd7c9 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 3048 Width 3823 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15wdq emory:15wdq Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication CDC WHO USAID Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 11680048 bytes image/tiff Title A name given to the resource TRUCK LOADING Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of individuals loading a Dodge truck for field surveillance, location unknown. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/25036fff7de3e93baabb3a06a86d1fb4.jpg 6b0be900d47f48a61b9a21f801d49c9c Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 3489 Width 2652 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15wkd emory:15wkd Subject The topic of the resource USAID Smallpox Eradication CDC WHO Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 9276436 bytes image/tiff Title A name given to the resource MEETING – Nigeria 1967 Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of DA Henderson of the World Health Organization (WHO) Headquarters addressing a Regional Meeting of the Smallpox Eradication Program, along with the Regional Rep. of WHO and the Ambassador of the United States of America in Lagos, Nigeria. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/c7c20064c86c60ee0616fdb822a7b603.jpg e01a8586e4dac05193ba58da7a4771cd Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 2553 Width 3866 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MAP – Endemic Areas 1950 Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication WHO Description An account of the resource A map, “World-wide Smallpox Endemic Areas – 1950,” produced by the World Health Organization [WHO]. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 9891584 bytes image/tiff Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15wpt emory:15wpt https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/918b4259284b9c431fe0160ba11d4cfe.jpg 764530ab74646477a427acbcb9936299 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Height 2604 Width 3375 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource digital images still image photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15wvh emory:15wvh Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication CDC WHO USAID Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8812808 bytes image/tiff Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource MEETING – Nigeria 1967 Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph of Senior Smallpox Staff, D. Millar, Dr. G. A. Ademola (Principal Health Officer, Nigeria Fed.), Mrs. Ademola, D.A. Henderson, Dr. E. Ademola Smith (Director Nigerian Smallpox-Measles Program for Nigeria Fed.), in Lagos, Nigeria. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/a14efb4876e19798ed4188337823e916.JPG 135e6ef2baee7c0adf478b944437aaf3 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/2004fffab008be1051279b90bc2a4356.pdf 99ab9a0ed4c6bcf117145ae31a0fad4c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> Conversation Dr. William Foege &amp; Dr. William Foege Transcribed: January 30, 2009 | Duration 0:41:22 A Conversation between Dr Mahendra Dutta &amp; Dr William Foege Introduction Today is the 9th of July, 2008. This is a taping as part of the Continuing Series of all Histories of Smallpox Eradication Program. Today Dr. William Foege and Dr. Mahendra Dutta are going to have a conversation. Both of them know that this is being taped and they've signed permission for us to tape and to use it in appropriate manners. Dr. William Foege: Okay. Mahendra, 30-plus years ago, we spent so much time together working on smallpox, but I never asked you, how did you happen to get into the program? Did you volunteer? Was this dictated? Dr.Mahendra Dutta: Yes, I did volunteer. I had returned from my training in Epidemiology for nearly 9 months back to the office where I worked with the Director General of Health Services and the campaign was being mounted and they needed more people to help in the campaign, and that's how I volunteered. Dr. William Foege: Ah, ah. So you did volunteer. Now, we've often talked about the top group of people. You, M.I.D Sharma, C.K Rao, Pidish, and so forth, an extraordinary team, but how did it happen that they came together, because I don't think you could have found a better group of people if you'd searched the world. How did that happen? Dr Mahendra Dutta: There was a continuous process of selection. People at the helm of affairs in the Ministry of Health, technocrats, were getting involved and those who could not perform they were quitting also. So ultimately the fittest survived. So that's how you saw them all together. Dr. William Foege: Ah! So this was evolution. Okay-Survival of the fittest. Now there was a person I was very fond of early on in the program who was running the program in Bihar. I totally missed the fact that he was extracting funds from us at an alarming rate. How did you pick that up and how did you handle it? Dr Mahendra Dutta: I got involved with the program in February when Dr. Dish[inaudible name0:02:49] asked me to visit and see how things are moving there because he was not comfortable. Dr. William Foege: This was February 1974? Dr Mahendra Dutta: February 1974, and in this visit, when I reached, I went to a district, Munger, there is a district by that name, where I spent a week seeing how things are happening. The reports we were receiving were that people do not accept vaccination; and when I went there I was surprised. Every morning we went to villages, we had a team of 20 people to vaccinate with us, and one after another village where we went, people were pleading to get vaccinated; and the stories that we got were: so many died in this village, people were really alarmed. They wanted vaccination, then the civil surgeon, the head of the health administration of the district was hostile to Dr. Sinha and he narrated me all those stories, how he is employing over and above the normal staff, some extra workers, and virtually paying them 1/5th or 1/6th of the money that they are supposed to get and the remaining is being pocketed. So this was corroborated by another colleague who had worked with me earlier who was my other class fellow in the public health training, and he corroborated that this is actually happening. I finally met the Health Commissioner at a very personal level in a club and told him. He said that this is no news to him. So then everybody knew-so I said then, "What to do." The gentleman said, "Well! I am not heading the health services. It is a technocrat there. He has to come. I am a bureaucrat. Then only, I will step in." It went on like this, till fortunately, let me say, may be you are aware, in 1974 May, there was a nuclear explosion in India. Dr. William Foege: I remember that! Dr Mahendra Dutta: Pokharan, and after Pokhran, the Newsweek in its front page carried a report, "Another Explosion in India" and this was the smallpox explosion in Bihar, when you will recollect that in our May search, we discovered over 8,500 new outbreaks with 11,000 cases. So - Dr. William Foege: In one week, 11,000 cases - if I can just interject here - The previous Fall, D.A Henderson had asked me, "What's the largest number of cases you will find in any State in a week in India?" And we actually took this quite seriously, and we concluded that it would be less than1,000 cases. So we suggested that they use 3 digits for their computer programming. D.A- always suspicious of us; added 4 digits, and then we had to call and say, we've had 11,000-plus cases in one week, in one State, and so even the computers were not cooperating anymore. Okay, so go ahead - then May of 1974... Dr MahendraDutta: Yeah, then the stage came that the government of India and the State Government, they all got really startled because a lot of journalists who had come to Rajasthan to cover the nuclear explosion, they moved into Bihar and started reporting. Now at that point of time, we were asked by the Health Commissioner there who was the chief bureaucrat in the Health Service. Earlier he took the stand that the Technical Head should come to me but now he himself went to the political head and told him that this is the problem that they want the Program Manager Dr. Sinha to be moved out; and then he was - a substitute was selected by consensus. He was a very good person. Everybody felt that he was going to deliver, and he moved in and then things moved. So after that, we had very fast track movements on the program. Dr. William Foege: I want to come back to this, but this has always been an example to me of an outsider not able to see what was actually happening and an insider understanding immediately what was happening. What else did I miss? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Well, you didn't miss much because even in this case, I recall you were believing that smallpox will definitely go sooner or later. I wanted it to be sooner. Dr. William Foege: Yes, Dr Mahendra Dutta: That's about the only difference of you. Dr. William Foege: So the reporters came to India, they did their reporting on the nuclear test and now looking for other stories, suddenly this becomes a very good story. Smallpox is out of control and they have no background to know that this is partly due to the improvement of the program and surveillance was improving and there were a lot of people now on the problem, but it caused Parliament to make life miserable for you because everyday they were asking for explanations; and how important was that in diverting people from smallpox eradication to answering Parliament? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Well, the group of workers who were handling at the National level for the Parliament was only being fed by the peripheral workers. We were not disturbed much in the field. In fact, we were helped by this lot of reporters coming in and giving the stories. It was a helpful thing because the Government at that time asked us to request whatever we needed more and we increased our efforts far more then. Dr. William Foege: What was Karan Singh's, the Minister of Health, what was his approach to all of that bad news? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Oh! He was the real support. He recognized that the disease is being tackled in other States and it was only the problem of inactivity in Bihar, that's why they were lagging behind. So he himself visited later in Bihar and emphasized that we put in more efforts and things were already showing up, and very soon things will be completed. In fact, we recollect that he all along was a big moral support. Dr. William Foege: So, at the very top, you had all the support you needed. If you go down a layer, to the Director General of Health Services, to Dr. J.B Srivastav, what was his role at this time? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Unfortunately he belonged to the group of unbelievers. There were people, I believe in every country, who did not believe that Smallpox can be eradicated vis-à-vis the others. He belonged to the other group and he was always pessimistic about our claims of eradicating it very soon. So all I recollect is that I had a very good liaison with him and he, several times, enquired of me, "Is it real what you are reporting-so good a progress in so short a time?" So that was the main thing he would always accept when I say so and I recollect when later we were so close to the endpoint and we were going in for announcing a reward for a case. The minister was to make that announcement on July 1, 1974. He was asking, "Isn't it too early to make such an announcement?" And I said, "Well the amount of money and effort we are putting in each day, I shall be so happy that if I can have all the remaining few hundred cases discovered by this reward and it will save a lot of money and time." It was a matter of chance that not a single case was found and we didn't have to pay a single reward but Dr. Srivastav had apparently not been at the most peripheral level, in the field level; that is why he couldn't appreciate how thoroughly the things were happening. Dr. William Foege: How powerful was his pessimism in influencing the Minister of Health of Bihar when they wanted to change back to mass vaccination. Dr Mahendra Dutta: He came to Patna on the asking of the Minister of Health and addressed the civil surgeons and at this meeting he pleaded that the ultimate solution of the problem would be covering backlog of mass primary vaccinations; children who have never been vaccinated. Unfortunately, the minister took it very seriously and wrote to Dr. Karan Singh, the Indian Minister for Health that your Director General has requested that we should cover the backlog of primary vaccinations, children who have never been vaccinated. He asked for money; vaccine and bifurcated needles for vaccination to harness a new organization, the block level health staff to complete it. Because Dr. Srivastav said he is not against the firefighting efforts that are being carried out. So Dr. Srivastav's comments were sought about the statement that he made and I recollect that Dr. Srivastav was uncomfortable how to respond to it and he asked me, I had to go back from Patna and I said there is an anomaly. They too are saying the same thing; that first we bring the disease to zero level and thereafter we can concentrate on the backlog of primary vaccinations which we never needed there, probably; and it was completed without the backlog. Nobody needed it. Dr. William Foege: Now you talked about the believers and the unbelievers. Do you recall the day you became a believer? Dr Mahendra Dutta: I recall the day when the non-believers were shunted out. I was responsible myself. Several of my Indian colleagues who came to work in Bihar with me in the initial discussions, they belonged to that thinking, though they were working and I pleaded with them, if you don't believe, probably, morally, you should not agree to do it. Couple of them did go back instantly, because unless you have a conviction that you can achieve, then you are not doing it. Dr. William Foege: The National Institute of Communicable Diseases put a lot of effort into this program. Did they take great pride at it when it succeeded; and did it make a difference in the way the Government of India supported NICD. Dr Mahendra Dutta: Oh! Tremendously; I believe they are surviving on the laurels of achievement of smallpox even today. That's the biggest thing they did. Of course, they did a couple of other good things after that but smallpox is a feather in their cap. Dr. William Foege: There were very many foreign workers and often times coming for three months and then leaving, and that's the most difficult, to get people acclimated in 3 months to get some productive work out of them and then have them leave. What were, from your point of view, the biggest problems of having these foreign workers in India? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Well, I recollect when they landed in Patna, they volunteered, many of them came through CDC, and when they arrived in Patna, they were very enthusiastic in performing. At the same time, probably, they have never worked in a developing country before. So they were also apprehensive. What we did was that upon their arrival, besides the technical briefing, a sociologist was made to speak with them; and this session attracted them the most. They had so many things to ask the sociologist. Probably, this was the longest session in the briefing in Patna, three to four hours, and they were told about the communities in India, how they operate and how they live together. So that helped them to know quickly, in the filed, how to perform. I recollect that the work to be done was so much that many of them did long extended hours of the day in the field. From morning till late evening, and we were always telling them that in the summer months, you should not be out in the peak hours in the noon but they were defying it also in the enthusiasm that they must complete the work before they leave. Fortunately, some of them, and they were good, those some of them; they asked for extending their period of stay so that before they leave they could see things happening and I recollect at least, a couple of them, Steve Jones and David Hyman; they were later on moved to Bangladesh but they stayed for about five months in India. So that was their enthusiasm to show the results. The small mistake that happened in the beginning, a couple of them arrived with their better-halves and they couldn't perform because field conditions in India were not so conducive for their wives to stay alone; and they did not perform well in the field, and subsequently we had to advice that anybody coming here must come without their spouse. Dr. William Foege: So you worked them so hard maybe 90 days was as long as they could actually take. We wore them out. Have you ever thought pf what were the biggest mistakes that were made in the program. If you were doing it all over again, what would you avoid doing? Dr Mahendra Dutta: I don't see back, anything wrong, the only thing that for this short program, as I said, it lasted hardly an year or so, and there were other programs that suffered because everybody was occupied with this program, but we had to pursue with those programs. I recollect that Family Planning was our biggest competitor as a program, and time and again, the people in the family planning were disturbed but we had to tell them that ours was going to last a few more months, and later on we can join with you in the program. Dr. William Foege: That brings up the question; if the National Institute of Communicable Diseases took great pride in this, did Family Planning take pride in the contribution they made-because it was an enormous contribution? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Well, maybe that was only after April or sometime in 1975 that the Family Planning was given a top priority during the emergency era in India. Before that, they had certain target approach and that's why they were more eager to perform and let not their workers be diverted to help in smallpox. Because in the smallpox, we involved every month, for a week all health workers for the search and that's what was disturbing them but seeing the results, they also agreed that we are doing some job and let it be finished. Dr. William Foege: You mention that it was in truth a very short program, at the time it seemed to go on forever. But it only took us three months to sort of come up with the system, another four months to perfect the system and then, India went from the highest rates in May of 1974 to zero twelve months later. No place else in the world was the change so fast, so dramatic, it's amazing in retrospect to even look at that. But then you went on from India to work in Ethiopia. Compare the two programs. Dr Mahendra Dutta: Things were very different in Indian program. We did not have the difficult terrain working conditions in the field. In Ethiopia, the communications in the field was so difficult, and here I recollect when at the end phases, every case occurring in Bihar, I personally went to that village, I could reach in less than 24 hours. But this could not happen over there. They needed a much prolonged sustained effort, and I was part of it that was done from moving from one district to another so that you make one area free. There, the people also do not move so much as they do in India; because here in the Indian program, fortunately, when our efforts were at the peak that was the lean season for transmission. The disease was expected to come down with the onset of monsoons but our efforts were peaking up further. So that's how we could come over so soon. Because around October-November, when the rains cease and people started moving about again, we were left with very few cases; 150 odd villages where the disease was present, and I recollect later in July, we had some junior teams, mobile teams, we stationed a team in every outbreak and these young doctors who were coming as medical interns, they performed so well because they were all trained, they were all relied upon, they were amazed at what kind of faith we were placing upon them. I recollect those who were bearded Sikh gentlemen, when I met them in the field, they removed their beard; I have no time to wash every day; and those who didn't have the beard, they were having beard, I have no time to shave everyday. So those young people changed the whole complex. Then we introduced the strategy of guarding the case which was paying dividend that the case would not be allowed to spread the disease to another place, around the clock, 8 hour shifts, watch guards were placed, watch guard supervisor was placed. The family was compensated that they can't go out for work. So therefore we will pay rent for the house where our guards will stay; so all these strategies helped in achieving a very fast disappearance of the disease. Dr. William Foege: Its nice, 33 years after the last case, to hear you talk about it and still have the enthusiasm that you had 33 years ago. What is it though that you would like to tell to young public health workers that you've learned from this experience that you hope you can pass on. Dr Mahendra Dutta: All I could say in brief was that in public health, community approach, your conviction, your devotion and team effort, that's what matters the most. The entire team of workers national, international, higher, lower level functionaries, they all worked like a very close team; and that's what I can believe public health team-effort approach-is pride. Dr. William Foege: I agree with you. I think that's the lesson of smallpox in India; that the team worked as a unit. It was a coalition in truth, and people lost their national identities... Dr Mahendra Dutta: Absolutely, absolutely. Dr. William Foege: ...their personal identities and it seems as though we made decisions based on everyone agreeing, I can't remember that we ever took a vote or had really strong disagreements. So it seems to me that it was a coalition that was quite unique. Now, I worry that we have lost the words now of people like M.I.D Sharma. You talked to him a great deal after smallpox eradication and I don't know if you have any message that you would like to pass on from MID Sharma or Dr. Pidish, or some of the other people who we don't have a chance to question. Dr Mahendra Dutta: I was meeting them till/[while] they were alive, and my only understanding was that they felt that the success story of smallpox eradication was also an achievement which gave them satisfaction in their life, and the only thing which I felt they wanted the young generation to follow or emulate what they saw was, the same thing as I said earlier, that devoted efforts, team efforts always mattered in community health work. Dr. William Foege: Years later, I had lunch with Dr. Pidish and he said something similar, that it was quite different to be on an Indian team than to be on an international team working on an Indian problem, and he said to me at that time that, "If you come back to India, I will come out of retirement," we will do this again. Dr Mahendra Dutta: I would say the same. Working with you was a real pleasure. Dr. William Foege: Thank you. How did you get into public health though? Dr Mahendra Dutta: That was a very different story. My father was a Public Health Physician. Dr. William Foege: I know, the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored him. Dr Mahendra Dutta: Yes, he was a Rockefeller Fellow and right from when I graduated from the medical school, I made the choice that I am going to study in the School of Public Health. I didn't waste any time. Very next year, I joined the School of Public Health. Dr. William Foege: Where? Dr Mahendra Dutta: In Calcutta in India, and then pursued the career through married[inaudible0:28:34] life, and I have no regrets. Dr. William Foege: And what did you do after smallpox eradication? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Oh! After smallpox I worked with the Municipal Corporation of the City of Delhi. I was their Chief Health Officer for a few years. Dr. William Foege: Your father had done the same thing? Dr Mahendra Dutta: Oh, he'd done the same thing too, and then I was the Chief Epidemiologist of the NICD for a three-year period, and finally I was the Deputy Director General for the public health work in the Ministry of Health, and looking back I feel very happy that I worked in these positions and got a satisfaction. Dr. William Foege: But there is something genetic here also. Talk about your son. Dr Mahendra Dutta: Oh, he chose it himself, that he wants to also be a Public Health Physician. He came to the U.S. He was a bit disgusted about the policies of reservation for certain backward classes, and he said that he may not get the opportunity in India to work in the specific field where he wishes to work, and he will choose to go to public health work and go to U.S. for training. So I said, "If you wish to go, its up to you." So he is working here. Dr. William Foege: Three weeks ago, I was at my final meeting at the Rockefeller Foundation and I was asked to speak to the staff, and I said: when people ask me what the Rockefeller Foundation has done, I resist talking about the Green Revolution, or the Yellow Fever Vaccine, or the Hookworm Program; I said-I talk about the scholarships that they gave to people around the world, and I talked about your father getting one of those to study public health and that for three generations, this investment by the Rockefeller Foundation has continued to pay off. I mean, it's just a wonderful story. Dr Mahendra Dutta: Very nice of you to say that. My father has left behind his writings of life and he feels the same, that I received the training in public through the Rockefeller Program and I owed a lot to repay it, and I have repaid it because my son followed the same, my grandson followed the same. So that's the same way he thought. Dr. William Foege: In India, how do we improve the number of people going into public health? You've done it. You've found it to be a very enjoyable satisfying profession. How do we increase the number of people doing this? Dr Mahendra Dutta: It has been a dilemma for all the years but I don't know how, but things appear to be going haywire now. More and more people are interested in public health. It's a big change happening in recent years, and I recollect that four years ago, a Foundation with the collaboration from the Harvard University was established to raise Public Health Schools in India - establish new Schools of Public. Medical Research Council also following the same example, they are also supporting establishment of new schools of public health; and the young doctors are also getting more interested in pursuing Public Health as careers. Unfortunately, so far the Governmental System doesn't create more opportunities or caters for public health people. But I am sure there are two ways of doing it. One is that you train the people and there will be careers coming up, the other way is you create careers and then you find shortage and then people will be trained. So apparently we are going the other way round. People will get trained and opportunities will be created to meet those demands. Already several programs, National [inaudible0:33:06] Programs have started creating posts for public health physicians at district levels and lower. So that approach probably is going to be there. Dr. William Foege: I think we are seeing a renaissance of global health interest in recent years and I am just pleased that we both lived long enough to see what's going to be a great change in the future. Dr Mahendra Dutta: I wish too. Dr. William Foege: Are there stories or things that you want to say about the Smallpox Eradication Program because, you know, we may never get an opportunity like this again to talk about it. Are there things that you want to make sure that people hear? Dr Mahendra Dutta: We have said a lot but the only thing I'll add will be that in achieving success, besides technical things, there is also an element of administrative tact, I would call it; whether you say diplomacy in the modified terms but we, people in public health, should use this more often and after all you have to work with your own team, and also this is the team in our system: there is a bureaucracy, there is a political leadership. So you have to work along with them and carry them with you. Dr. William Foege: I hope to make that point at our reunion that behind every public health decision, there is a political decision... Dr Mahendra Dutta: True. Dr. William Foege: ...and that we end up trying to educate politicians but it's a very labor-intensive sort of thing to do because the politicians keep turning over; that they have a limited time in office and that I now miss no opportunity to try to get public health people to go into politics. It seems to be a shortcut, more efficient, if we can get more public health people to actually become politicians. Dr Mahendra Dutta: I wish it happens in my country too. At the moment, we are facing a dilemma because more and more politicians are coming from another group, the group which is rather not desirable but they are the people who flout laws and more and more of them are entering into politics. A separate stream has come. Formerly, most politicians were coming over from categories like rich people, business people, like accepted heads of the communities. Now some bad elements have started infiltrating into politics. Dr. William Foege: We are years ahead of you. Dr Mahendra Dutta: It is worrying, not me, but it is worrying the Indian Government itself; how to get rid of these elements in the politics. Anyway, it's not for me to too much comment on that. Dr. William Foege: But that seems to be a chronic problem in many countries. Let me ask you one final question and that is, the remarkable contribution made by TATA for the Smallpox Eradication Program where you had a private corporation agree to work under Government rules and to use the same approaches and so forth. It now has happened with other corporations, MURK with what they have done with River Blindness and Glaxo Smith-Kline with lymphatic psoriasis and so forth, but that was a very early example of what TATA did. Has this continued? Do you have private, public collaboration in health programs from that TATA experience? Dr Mahendra Dutta: All I would say is that per force, we had to go for that collaboration because the Southern Bihar lacked adequate infrastructure of health from the Government side and TATA has had a very good infrastructure in that region. They have their [inaudible0:37:35] and coal fields and factories all over- spread. Therefore we approached them and they readily agreed because they were working with the people there where it was benefitting. I have seen that now it has become a Governmental Policy in recent years to accept that kind of - because the medical care itself is going to the private sector more and more; and government is only obliged to deliver public health service to the community; the preventive medical care, and in these efforts, they know that we cannot invest so much, so they are seeking collaborations from non-governmental agencies including the private sector. Dr. William Foege: Well, this has been great fun to get together again after - we have done it before, but till now at 33 years to talk a little bit about this, and I will say this on Saturday, but I want to be sure that it gets recorded now. How wonderful it was to work with you, what a hard field worker you are, that you never shied away from doing anything that needed to be done in the field, and you were just the epitome of deliberate approaches to solving problems, rather than getting excited when things went wrong, you would sit down and ask how do we solve this problem and so it was great to work with you then, and it's great to hear you reminiscence now. Dr Mahendra Dutta: I am also pleased that I'd worked with you, and in fact I learnt also a lot of things, but basically, as I said, our team-approach was the most successful approach. Dr. William Foege: Great-good. Thank you. Question from Audience: May I ask one question? Did he play jokes on you? Dr Mahendra Dutta: He played rings because whenever he had nothing - rather, he had something in his brain lurking to solve, he would have a set of rings how to unfold them. But I don't think Bill was that kind of person. He was a serious person. The best thing I recollect is he was a very good assessor. He could assess how people are performing and that's what we got from him; his personal assessment of people who were coordinating, who could survive. Dr. William Foege: But the ring story reminds me of an absolutely true story; where we were going to a meeting where another person had absolutely different ideas than I did, and I knew that because we discussed it quite often; and it was a 2-day meeting. It was early in the first meeting when I took off my puzzle ring and let it fall apart, and I just said, "Oh could you put this back together? He had had a puzzle ring as a child and he said sure. He spent the next six hours on this puzzle ring. He even missed the discussion of the issue that I was worried about where he would bring up the other side. We were passed on other things before he realized that the puzzle ring had kept him occupied. *** Thank both of you. [End of audio] </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pc6RzIlxjKg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DUTTA M. WITH FOEGE W. Description An account of the resource A Conversation between Dr. Mahendra Dutta and Dr. William Foege, two of the key people in the smallpox eradication program in India. Dr. Mahendra Dutta, former New Delhi, India Health Commissioner Dr. William Foege, former CDC Director Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 10, 2008 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8928960000 bytes video/x-dv Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16rk2 emory:16rk2 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/53da523d4271248d7d65d8b6a75dc881.jpg b32364351a5ca7f3b07fdf5fff40a688 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vGm3xkyWv9o" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource FITZGERALD, STEVE Subject The topic of the resource Somalia Description An account of the resource Steve Fitzgerald describes his experiences in India, Somalia and Ethiopia during the Smallpox Eradication Program as well as, an outbreak of yellow fever in West Africa Interviewed by Melissa McSwegin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 10, 2008 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Smallpox Workers (2008 : Atlanta, Georgia) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 12417840000 bytes video/x-dv Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16s1z emory:16s1z