17 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/ec80de0700b2ac73e45f134c42a6a855.jpg 9e83cb5523e95f0c04b0ca1ea9f47f29 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 475 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WOUND CARE – Sudan Description An account of the resource A color photograph of six-year-old Thom Mayom assisting nurse John Loitiki as his badly infected Guinea worm wound is dressed at a Guinea worm case containment center in Abuyong, South Sudan. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/E. Staub https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/9b57e6a756d815623b5914f02272d8c9.jpg de7609a4a46e1bd3462ab1639264a6f9 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 476 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource REMOVAL – Sudan Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a young child being comforted as a medical volunteer extracts an emergent Guinea worm in South Sudan. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/J. Albertson https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/3ecdfd604363f569e34fd94147f7f06c.jpg c7e767d2e3c2aecfb20d53c662531d3e Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 475 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WOUND CARE – Ghana Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a health worker dressing a child’s extremely painful Guinea worm wound in Savelugu, Ghana. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 8th, 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/L. Gubb https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/33f6fda26b4b15843c5c156deba098c3.jpg ff676d3ce030e0a8cda1b504502d5955 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 475 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource REMOVAL – Ghana Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a patient having a Guinea worm larvae removed during a daily morning treatment at a containment center in Savelugu, Ghana. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 4th, 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/L. Gubb https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/45bbebeae1b283b0c39b99f02e2b1643.jpg 327b5e7f22f0ce978345dcbf6f54626c Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 475 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EDUCATION – Ghana Description An account of the resource A color photograph of children learning through flip charts about Guinea worm contraction and prevention in Wantugu, Ghana. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 16th, 2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/L. Gubb https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/3d1a4dd26ebee32f47cdf011ccdaa9b7.jpg e14fb28b4ad2910f037fc0aae0315227 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 475 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CHILDREN – Ghana Description An account of the resource A color photograph of two children, Sadia Mesuna and Fatawu Yakub, looking at a book about Guinea worm disease while at the containment center in Savelugu, Ghana. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/L. Gubb https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/06fcad4000d26392c21d050e35f979fc.jpg b08a8a8a08c85b71c8f31f7ccd24305f Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 476 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EDUCATION – Sudan Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a local volunteer in using a flip chart to educate villagers on Guinea worm disease prevention in the last frontier in the eradication of Guinea worms, South Sudan. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/L. Gubb https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/6625d13e9e08cc0e3ac28549ded39134.jpg a474ce066a5066d855f464d4acaa8424 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 475 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PIPE FILTERS – Sudan Description An account of the resource A color photograph of people using pipe filter individual filtration devices to drink from a local water source at the Kuse Dam, Terekeka County, in South Sudan. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/L. Gubb https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/363d193ed536cb7836b61897f0a6c8ca.jpg 30104dee25ce624dad29f9c8a5729104 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/df674b895b797ba76665c753c25d89f0.pdf 7ed6a30202a54ab0c63e89057679dbc7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> Interview Mr. Peter Crippen | with two Interviewers [unnamed] Transcribed from audio: January 29 2009 | Duration 0:22:41 Interviewer1: This is an interview with Dr. Crippen, April 2, 2008 at the CDC in Atlanta. I guess we will start where you'd just do an introduction. Who you are and how you became involved with Public Health and smallpox, and why you became involved with it? Peter Crippen: Okay. First of all, it's Mr. Crippen. Interviewer1: Mr. Crippen. Okay. Peter Crippen: And who I am is a Public Health Advisor, that's for those of us who are public health advisers, that says a lot. Right now, I'm still with CDC, I've been with them for more than 40 years. I was in the Peace Corps in Thailand right out of college, right out of bachelor's degree, and didn't have anything to do with public health. I was a teacher, but when it became time to come home, I needed a job and there were a lot of postings that came through for Peace Corps volunteers who were about to return. Most of them were teaching jobs and I wasn't interested in a teaching job, and the only other one that seemed interesting was being what we used to call VD-a VD investigator. So that sounded interesting to me, and I applied for it and I was interviewed and got the job. It was very easy at that time frankly. If you had a bachelor's degree in almost anything whatsoever, they would hire you and you could walk, you know; you could get a job as, what became, Public Health Advisers. At that time, we were not public health advisers; we were what was then called, Cooperative Employees, which meant that they could fire us at will for the first year or so. But after a year, we became Public Health Advisers. I started out in Chicago and then went to Detroit; and when I was in Detroit there were opportunities to go to West Africa for the Smallpox Program which interested me a great deal. From my Peace Corps experience I hadn't been to Africa, but I knew what it was like to work in a third world country if you will, and it sounded fascinating. So I applied for that and I was selected and went to Nigeria. What had just recently been Biafra, the war was over, but just recently over. That would've been in 1970, and we stayed there for two years in the Eastern part of Nigeria in Calabar and Enugu. Enugu was the capital of Biafra at one time, and I saw a lot of interesting things. I saw monkey pox for instance which was misdiagnosed as smallpox at the beginning, but what I did not see in 1970 was smallpox. There wasn't any in 1970 in Nigeria; and we looked very hard. We didn't know that there wasn't any. Everybody assumed that it was mostly gone, but people wanted to be sure that it was really gone, so we looked very hard and we found monkey pox. We did some good things, it was combined with the measles control program and we did a lot of measles vaccination, saved I think a lot of children's lives with measles vaccine. But I didn't see any smallpox which kind of nagged at me. So we came back after a few years, 1972, went back to Chicago this time with the Immunization Program and routines went on, had children, things like that, like people do. Then heard about the opportunity to go to Bangladesh and so I threw my name in the ring again for a temporary duty assignment to Bangladesh, and I was selected. I think I was the first public health adviser to go to Bangladesh. Before that, I think it was all physicians who were there. Immediately following me was Jean Roy. I don't know if you've interviewed him yet, but I'm sure you will, if you haven't. But he, I think was the second public health adviser in Bangladesh. So we flew over on the plane to New Delhi with Mike Lane who, if you haven't interviewed, I'm sure you will, and we stayed in New Delhi for a couple of days, had dinner at Bill Foege's house; and Mike Lane stayed in India. He was working in India. I got on the plane to go to Dhaka and arrived sick as a dog in Dhaka, interviewed with Nick Ward who was a British epidemiologist who is very famous in smallpox circles and I worked with him again in WHO in Alexandria, the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office a few years down the road. We were working on diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. In any case, Nick Ward was there in Bangladesh. Stan Foster was essentially - Nick and Stan; I'm not sure who was on top, but Stan was certainly the American in charge although I think Nick might have been overall in charge of the WHO project. The other person of note was Stan Music who later on established some of the field epidemiology training programs at CDC; and Stan Music gave me some medical advice which was basically, drink a lot of water and get some sleep, it would feel better in the morning, here're some aspirin. Eventually I did feel better; a couple of days later I was out in the field, and at that time we spent, I think, 20 days in the field straight, and then five days back in Dhaka. So they just put me in a land rover, and off we went out to my station which was Faridpur. Nothing much to recommend Faridpur to anybody; by road, by land rover, it was about four hours from Dhaka. It was a long drive, not very far, but it took a long time to get there. Met the team, and I thought I knew what I was supposed to do. I'd been briefed. I knew what I was supposed to do, I was supposed to find smallpox. You know, go out with the team and search and follow-up rumors and vaccinate around the cases that we find. Do forward tracing, and that was the big thing that time. Not to look back to where it had come from but to look forward as to where the disease might have gone. Find the close contacts and see where they may have gone and then go to that place and see if anything had happened there. It didn't take long for me to see my first case of smallpox in Bangladesh. I think that first trip out, I saw my first case and she was dead. I remember the man - a woman about I don't know, a young woman 18, 19, something like that, and we said we heard there were smallpox here and he said, "Yes," and I said, "Is anybody here with smallpox?" He said, "Yes here." He pulls back a blanket and there is this corpse of this young woman there and it certainly looked like smallpox to me. Finally, I had seen my first case. I was hoping it would not be a dead case the first one that I saw but there she was. That was the beginning; we saw many cases after that. Thankfully many of them were still alive. It became clear that it's not really easy to catch smallpox. You really have to be in the same house with somebody who has it. Close within the same hut, and sleeping in the same place, eating in the same place, living in the same place, and then it's relatively easy to catch it; but outside of that kind of closed environment, we, I at least, didn't see much transmission in market places or buses or things like that or casual contact. So I stayed there not quite three months, more than two months, less than three. Others were staying there from January 1974 to I think early March of 1974; then I came back to routine in Chicago. Going around to catholic schools and making sure everybody had their shots. That was my job. The way I got into it was a fascination with working overseas, it just never left me; I've stayed in it one way or another since that time, and the public health aspect is certainly rewarding. You see fewer bodies when you left than when you arrived, so that's one way of measuring success. Interviewer2: What was your first thought when you arrived in Bangladesh? Peter Crippen: Well, it is not really different from some things as I had seen in Southeast Asia, but I guess my first thoughts were that I was too sick to do anything. But I was glad that I knew Stan and so I felt things would probably be alright as long as Stan was around there giving me some advice. When I was back in Dakha out of the field, I stayed at Stan's house so it was kind of a - and of course he had his whole family there, had all his kids and his wife so it was a nice way to be in the field with essentially nothing, you know, and then to come back and be in a family atmosphere before you went out again. I was trying to think before coming, how - right now we communicate all the time, people have Blackberries and cell phones; and I can't remember that we communicated at all when we were in the field. We were there, that's it, and nobody essentially knew where we were, and I don't remember getting instructions from anybody or inquiries from anybody. We just did what we did; we kept records of things that we were suppose to keep and we came back and during those five days, we shared what had happened; but in between, there was nothing. There was no contact whatsoever that I can remember. Most of Bangladesh is water. Water with a little bit of ground in between and that's the why the people make their living, is fishing and rice-But in any case, we would take the land rover to Faridpur town and then from there we usually go by speed boat some place, named or unnamed, and then get out of the boat and walk. We would walk for hours to wherever it was you were going, to some small village where there was a rumor of something happening. So the boat was very important and the land rover less important and walking was extremely important because that was the only way you got to know where you were going. But I remember on time, we were in the boat and our driver wasn't the best I guess, a boat driver. Anyway he hit another boat and we all- myself and the team member that was with me anyway, fell out of the boat from the crash. This is a Ganges, a tributary of the Ganges. I lost my glasses and my wallet was wet and all that stuff; and the team member that was with me, he broke his arm. I didn't break anything but I lost my glasses. I had sunglasses with me but that kind of thing, if it were to happened now in some place, I mean, there would be all kinds of support and running back and getting things repaired. There was nothing, I mean you'd just put on your sunglasses and keep on going until you are back in Dakha, where you can get some things repaired and get something done. Now that I think about it, it's pretty amazing there weren't more injuries than there were. There weren't things happening that couldn't be retrieved, maybe there were, maybe you'll find out about them but I never heard about them and we just seemed to do it. Interviewer2: How old were you? Peter Crippen: Well that was 1972, no '74, I was born on 1942 so what is that, it's 34. Yeah-what's 42 from 74? Whatever that is that's how old I was. I wasn't a kid. My second son had just been born in October or September of 1973. So he was less than six months old when I went and my wife was not thrilled although she understood, I mean, she had been with me in Nigeria and I think she understood that, the call of the pox or whatever, I don't know. Interviewer1: What would you say was the most frustrating part of your job while you were there? Peter Crippen: My favorite what? Interviewer1: Most frustrating part. Peter Crippen: The most frustrating part? Ah boy! Part of it was interference, there wasn't a lot of it but there were some. The person in charge of that area under the British system is called a civil surgeon and he was a little unusual. Of course they were all Bengali, that was the ethnic group and they should've all been Muslim because of the partition in 1947 and that's why Bangladesh had been East Pakistan, and then in 1971 became Bangladesh. Well this is 1974 so it wasn't that long that they had been independent. They were still using the British system and the civil surgeon was a Hindu and everybody I worked with was Muslim but he was a very high class kind of self-important person as some people tend to be, and there were of course goods that came in to support the program, among which were motorcycles that came in to be used by the teams for going around searching and things. He sort of appropriated one for his son and I took it as part of my responsibility to disappropriate it, but it was clear that you can't offend this man because he controls everything. He controls the petrol I'd use in the land rover. He controls all of the personnel that are on your team, I mean, you can't do anything without him so we just had a little conversation and I just had to let him know that I was aware of the fact that there should have been 20 and there's only 19 motorcycles; you know, that his son just happens to have a new motorcycle. So this would be embarrassing if it became well known and surely he understood that within a month or so after the newness had all worn off, we might be able to use his son's motorcycle for what it was intended for, sort of a veiled threat, if you will, of embarrassment. Nobody likes to be embarrassed like that. So we got it back eventually but that kind of thing can be frustrating because you know - you can't be quite as upfront as you would like to be, or as Americans tend to be about some things, you have to work within the culture as it stands and within the personalities that you're confronted with, you know. I guess that not really frustrating, it's part of the job, it's what you learn how to do if you want to get things done. Interviewer1: So from between the time you left for Bangladesh and the time you came back, how do you think that you changed as a person and as a public health worker? Peter Crippen: Well in terms of public health, I think I learned how to get along in another environment. I had been in other environments before but each new place you go to teaches you something specifically for Bangladesh, I'm not really sure but it certainly enforces, or reinforces your ability to be flexible, to take things as they come and to work within the constraints that you are given and to just try to do the best you can with what you're given and keep on going. So those skills I think they are valuable wherever you happen to work. As a person, I'm not really sure how it changed me. I'm sure it must have and I guess I may be more resilient than I had been. I don't think I was any smarter but I think I knew how to bounce back better anywhere. Interviewer2: How many other assignments overseas did you have? Peter Crippen: Oh gee! A lot-in terms of temporary duties, after that I was with yellow fever in Gambia with Tom Monahaff[inaudible name0:19:36] and others. I did something again with Nick Ward in Indonesia for WHO for looking at their immunization program in Indonesia and went both to Indonesia and to Bangkok to look at the - and then I was with WHO for six and a half years in Alexandria office which is now in Cairo, as I said for diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infections; and then I went from that office to Hanoi for HIV-AIDS and spent a year and a half in Hanoi. Then came back to CDC and went to the Western Pacific for three years. There were six US jurisdictions in the Western Pacific: three countries and three territories. Came back to headquarters and there was a Global AIDS Program, and I don't know how many countries in South East Asia and West Africa, South Africa and Central America, Brazil, and now I'm with the Emerging Infections Program and with them I've been to China and to Kenya. So once you get the bug, you sort of keep it I guess, and if you know of any other opportunities, I'm ready. Interviewer2: Any words of advice you'd like to give? Peter Crippen: I guess my only advice would be that CDC needs to keep doing this sort of thing and needs to keep up its reputation as a world leader in global health. People around the world, as you know, Dr. Sencer, I mean you came to - when I was in Alexandra, you came as a consultant to-was it Yemen or Qatar or some place anyway because I don't remember why which country it was-but they wanted somebody to come who could give them advice about their public health system. Well that sort of thing happens all the time; sometimes if it is high level advice like that, or if it's very nitty-gritty: What do we do now? This is a disaster-and the world looks to CDC to be able to provide that kind of expertise and the only way you develop that kind of expertise is by doing it, by continuing to do it and having your personnel used to performing the job in an odd place with little or no assistance. Interviewer2: Thank you Peter. Peter Crippen: You're very welcome. [End of audio - 0:22:41] </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iChsdh1PVag" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource interviews motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-04-02 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/16rsw emory:16rsw Subject The topic of the resource WHO CDC CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID Smallpox Eradication Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 4897200000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Crippen, Peter (Interviewee) Unknown Interviewer, (Interviewer 1) Dr. David Sencer, (Interviewer 2) Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Smallpox Workers (2008 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource CRIPPEN, PETER Description An account of the resource Peter Crippen describes is life and career leading to his assignment to Bangladesh to work on the smallpox eradication program. Prior to that he had been in Nigeria at the end of the smallpox eradication program there. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/3d8f9959ed1caa24dd35a0f53c1de03b.JPG dadcdab1227b920a9105b656fe9c6c36 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/5128da3b3614d2e157f6a0e19d143385.pdf 0fb616a6958502f13832fcec31a0c944 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> This is an interview with Dr. Christopher D'Amanda about his experiences in the West African Smallpox Eradication Project. The interview is being conducted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 13, 2006. This is a part of the activities for the 40th reunion of the West Africa Smallpox Eradication Project. The interviewer is Victoria Harden. Harden: Dr. D'Amanda, you were born on July 14, Bastille Day, in 1934. I would like you to describe briefly your childhood, pre-college education, influential family and friends, if you would be so kind. D'Amanda: May I begin by saying I prefer, if it's all right with the project, to just call me Chris, or Christopher. Harden: That is fine. D'Amanda: Yes, July 14 was the day that my mother described as her day of liberation, so it wasn't only the Bastille that was taken care of. And that was in Rochester, New York. I was in school there, at a co-ed country day school, until the 7th grade, when my parents decided I should go to Exeter. So I went to Phillips Exeter Academy for 4 years. And then, in those years it was very easy-in fact, the Exeter senior classes were told this-that if you wanted to go to any college in the country, even if you were not in the top 75%, you could go to any college without applying to more than one. So Exeter seemed to be a precursor, in my mind, to Harvard. Then I went to Harvard for 4 years, where I majored in English. Harden: I'm fascinated by how somebody majoring in English literature then decided to go to medical school, so can you slow down and tell me here? D'Amanda: Well, the sequence really began in my father's family, where we would repair every Sunday for supper or luncheon cooked by his mother, and her 5 children, one of whom was my father. Her other son was a doctor. And her daughters had married doctors. So I grew up in a family of physicians, even though my father was a lawyer. And my older brother had already claimed, as the older (as I've learned later in my role as a family therapist), he'd already claimed law as his future. So I declared for medicine, following in some ways Papa's injunction that D'Amandas never worked for anybody. They were their own bosses. Little did I know that that was a little bit illusory. We all have bosses, one way or another, even in medicine. But anyway, we all have bosses. Harden: Indeed. D'Amanda: So as far as I was concerned, I was destined to be a physician. My choosing English, and all the humanities I could at Harvard, was in full recognition that once I got to medical school I'd have no time-or at least, I didn't know that I would have time- to read history, enjoy music. I started playing the piano when I was at Harvard. I took 6 courses every semester, even though we were only required to take 4, just because I wanted to get my fill of everything I could. And then, after that, after Harvard, I went to medical school at the State University of New York in Buffalo. Harden: And would you comment on any influential teachers at Harvard or in medical school that helped direct you towards thoughts of public health? D'Amanda: Well, we'll get to why I got here, but it was totally serendipitous, if you will, or fortuitous. Both of them were very positive moments, but not by design. When I first arrived at the medical school, my dean told me that I needed to work very differently at the University of Buffalo School of Medicine than I had at Harvard, in the sense that, it was very clear, looking at my transcript, that I could get As when I wanted to, but if I wasn't interested in a class, I would get a C. And he said, "Here, you have to do all the work we tell you to do because we want everybody to excel, and we want everybody to pass the medical boards." So a large part of their teaching was designed toward doing. The testing, anyway, was designed to replicate a large part of the medical boards which consisted of multiple-choice questions, which I've never enjoyed, and still don't. I prefer essays, and thinking a little bit, rather than having a thought done for me. In any event, that was the medical school experience. There were some wonderful professors there, particularly one in. in pathology,. Cornell Terplin [ph.]. Back at Harvard. Oh, I guess the tutor at Elliott House, where I lived, was a seminal person in my experience there, in retrospect, as he told me that Harvard was a molecular society. Now, I didn't quite know what that meant, but then he explained. Everybody at Harvard is, at least in those days and probably still (I just came from my 50th reunion there, a couple of months ago) is so busy doing their own world. They're like atoms, spinning in their own spaces, and they bump up against each other from time to time. But don't expect enduring friendships or things to grow out of the Harvard experience, was his way of defining it. And that wasn't particularly true for me because I did find friends there, but actually, in retrospect, the friends whom I still have are the friends that I made at Exeter, 3 or 4 years before I got to Harvard. The experience for me at Harvard was probably, at least in my mind, better capsulated by the excitement, the intellectual stimulation, and the fact that I was taking a graduate course in my first year because I could do it. I mean, I was allowed to do it, put it that way. It was just endlessly enthralling. But it was also sufficiently intellectual that by the time I got to my senior year I knew damn well I had to leave because it just didn't seem like a real world to me. I had an instinct that there was something else besides Harvard out there, but there was no way to enjoy it at Harvard. I have always been the second child, the explorer, the traveler (which is also part of family therapy: tradition of birth order). Anyway, I left very gladly. I left Cambridge and I left Boston, and went back to upstate New York. Harden: When you finished medical school, in 1966, obviously the Vietnam War was going on, and the military always needs physicians. But you joined the Public Health Service and came to CDC. Now, you said it was a serendipitous experience. You want to walk me through this? D'Amanda: I stayed in Buffalo to do my internship in medicine, and then chose to do a full medical residency with 2 years, and then stayed on a third year as chief resident. And during those years, I had a hand in teaching and being aware of research activities, journal articles, and so on. I envisaged myself becoming a full-time academic researcher in some ivory tower someplace. However, the draft still loomed. So I had a good friend who knew about the Centers for Disease Control, and I was interested in statistics as a way of sort of separating the wheat from the chaff in so much of the stuff that was being published in journals. Too much of it was anecdotal and not enough well-designed so that you could produce some kind of conclusion that might bear benefit in the practice of medicine. In any event, I came down to CDC to see if I could enroll in the EIS [Epidemic Intelligence Service] program. But when I got here, I was older than most of the people who were being recruited, having finished not only my internship, but my residency. A lot of the other doctors, my peers in the program, had just finished an internship. Secondly, I was bilingual in French and... from earlier travels I'd done in Europe, and training I'd had as a schoolboy in Rochester. So somehow that word got to D.A. [Donald A. Henderson], and D.A. came over and basically hijacked me out of EIS, and put me in the smallpox program. And I thought, what a wonderful opportunity. Here it is, I'm going to get to Africa, where I've never been, much as I had traveled before in other parts of the world. I was going to get to really perfect my French because it was clearly destined that I was going to a francophone country. And thirdly, I was not serving in the military, except in this wonderful sort of almost Gilbert and Sullivan way. My title was Lieutenant Commander, JG. But clearly I never had a uniform, never learned to salute. But because the Public Health Service had started with the Navy, taking care of the sailors who were getting sick on their early transatlantic voyages, the Public Health has always used naval military designations. So that was the serendipity. That was chance. Harden: So this is 1966, and you were taken out of the full EIS program, but they were training... D'Amanda: Oh, yeah, we still did the biostatistics course, we did all the other things. But then, one of the things that amazed me, we had a special program that went on for some time, learning how to take apart a Dodge truck and put it together again. Not part of the usual epidemiologic training, I'm sure. And I learned to do that. I'm not a mechanical genius, by any means, but in one of the letters I wrote at the time, I was describing that we all had to learn how to take the Ped-O-Jet apart and put that together. That was a piece of cake compared to a large motor vehicle. But it was stuff that I learned to do, and in fact was able to train people to do before my operations officer got to Ouagadougou in Africa. And it certainly helped me in when we had une panne, which means to have an accident, a breakdown. Harden: But you did have an operations officer supporting you? You didn't have to do both roles by yourself? D'Amanda: No. That was the design. It's one of the designs I'd hoped would follow me when I came back to work in America 4 years later: the balance between an administrative person and a physician, a medical person. But it doesn't work outside of this environment. Harden: Why is that? D'Amanda: I think it's because the administrators are too hungry. They don't want to share the glory. Put it this way: When I went to work in Philadelphia, after I'd come back here, I had talked to the director of the program that I was being hired into as the Chief Medical Officer for Drug and Alcohol Services in Philadelphia. And I described this. He had been a Peace Corps director. And he assured me that, yes, we would be a team, and so on and so forth. Well, that wasn't the way it worked out. He clearly wanted to be the major person, and it was a major administrative job, just like smallpox was. But there were clearly a lot of clinical, medical issues to be addressed, in terms of providing service. Philadelphia at that time was the 4th largest city in the country. We had 14 different treatment programs; we had 10 methadone programs. I mean, addiction is a medical disability or a medical problem. In any event, I made do by inventing things for myself. That's how I got to do a lot research for the people in Washington. But this model that exists here is very special. And I don't know whether you saw it at the NIH [National Institutes of Health], but it's a wonderful give-and-take because clearly the administrator has his or her areas of expertise and implementation and experience, just as a good doctor does. Harden: No, I did not see it at NIH, and that's why I have found it so interesting, the 2 working together . . . D'Amanda: None of us can know as much as we need to know. No single person. Harden: Yes. D'Amanda: But when you get into a complex project or major issues of administrative health programs...One of the things I did in Philadelphia was to start an Employee Assistance Program for the City of Philadelphia employees. I figured if we were taking care of the citizens of the city, we ought to try and figure out how to take care of our own because the statistics were clearly the same: 10%-15% of the people in any work force are involved, either actively or just recovering from, some form of addictive disorder. So anyway, I started this program. I had the city administrator working with me, as well as the union person. Because city employees, of course, were all union, and it was very clear from the model that I'd learned employee assistance from, that if you didn't involve the union, they would never cooperate with administration, and vice versa. So I got to be the middle person as the doctor, saying, "Look. This man has just driven a truck of hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of equipment, nearly off a bridge"-which was one of the headlines that occurred at one point when I was doing this-because he was drunk. But he was also a member of the union. So if the administration had tried to fire him, the union would have put up a battle. And if the union tried to brush it under the carpet, the city would have said, this doesn't work. So anyway, employee assistance was a beautiful way to give everybody a piece of the pie. And my job was, first of all, to train administrators to not be diagnosticians, just to pay attention to the job that needed to be done, and if somebody wasn't doing their job, they just had to report that, period. And then to get the union people to trust me enough to say that, even though I belong to administration, I'm not selling you out. I'm here to keep your voting member alive and well. So it worked, very well. The model is a tremendous model. It came out of the Cornell School of Labor and Management. A guy named Harrison Trice. Harden: Let's transport that back to Niger, now. Tell me how you conceptualized what you had to do and worked with your operations officer to do it. D'Amanda: Niger was a special project that we all shared, doing an assessment of neighboring countries. My countries were Ivory Coast and Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso). My home was in Ouagadougou, which is the capital of Burkina Faso. Harden: So perhaps we should start with Upper Volta and Ivory Coast? Okay. Sorry. D'Amanda: No problem. Well, one of the things I learned very quickly was, because I'm blue-eyed and white-skinned but happened to be bilingual, I was frequently taken to be a French person. And I learned very quickly that all the French carried a very significant and generally pejorative aura because they were the colonial powers. And they were still interfering with the local African people too much with their autonomy or their hoped for or desired autonomy in whatever francophone countries that I went to. So I learned very quickly to identify myself as an American, and of course that was very popular because Kennedy was President, and everybody loved Kennedy and loved the Americans. The second thing I learned very quickly was I had access with my OOs [operations officers]-a brilliant guy named Bill White [William J. White, Jr.], in Upper Volta, and then Tom Leonard [Thomas A. Leonard], and then Bob Hogan [Robert C. Hogan]. They were just special, wonderful human beings, as well as highly skilled technical people. I had to learn to be patient. Because even if I declared myself an American, it didn't mean that that would work all the time, and it didn't mean that it worked right away. So for the first year in Ouagadougou, I can remember still having to learn to wait for 3 hours to get to see the Minister of Health, whom I needed to see to discuss the program. And so I used to bring books and I used to read, and I used to get restless. But I also reminded myself that I was a guest; this was their country. They could treat me any way they wished. But after about a year of what I now think of as eating humble pie, so to speak, then I got to be able to get in ahead of people. I used to say to the Ivorians, as well as to the Voltaic, "You know, I'm being paid by America, but I'm not working for America. I'm working for your country." And that was the way we felt. That's the way I felt. And it was important as I see the practice of medicine now, and certainly family therapy, you don't tell people what to do. You ask the questions, you learn the ways, and then help them make decisions. So it was not in any way dictatorial, "we know better than you." The difficult part was, in some ways, working with the French, especially the man I worked with in Ouagadougou. There was a fair amount of disregard between the French and the Americans anyway, at least the French didn't like the Americans very much in those days. I'm not sure they're that much more comfortable with us now. But in any event, Colonel Sansarricq's first words to me were, "You know, D'Amanda, I don't know why you Americans think you can get rid of smallpox in 5 years. You know, we French have been here for 30 years, and this disease is not going to go away just because you came here." But that was another lesson I learned. We can segue up to Niger at this point because I was involved with the actual campaign in Ivory Coast and Upper Volta, in terms of the up- front sort of dealing with the higher-ups in the health administration. I'm an internist, and trained, as we all were, to identify smallpox, to determine whether an illness really was smallpox or not. The longer we were there, smallpox was getting less and less common. I ended up seeing about a hundred people with smallpox in Upper Volta. But near the end of my stay, most of the time, people who did not know the distinguishing characteristics thought that a lot of the old, but most of the young, people who had these particular kinds of rashes had smallpox, when in fact they had chickenpox. Harden: People have talked to me a little bit about differential diagnosis, but nobody has actually gone into detail. Can you? D'Amanda: Sure. First of all, smallpox is what's called an exanthem. It affects the skin. Virus affects basically lining, or squamous, cells. Squamous cells are on our skin, but they also line all our insides. They line our gut, they get modified in various specific ways. But, for instance, one of the common problems with measles patients is that they get otitis media; they lose their hearing. One of the worst things that happens to children who have measles and are nursing is that the whole lining of their mouths and their intestinal tract get these lesions on them, so they can't swallow; they can't even nurse. They get chronic diarrhea. That's how so many of them die. Or they get bronchitis. Again, these same cells are being infected with the same virus. So the distinguishing characteristic to do the differential diagnosis is really on the skin. And also time course of the illness. Each disease has what I call choreography, which is one of the words I use to define the withdrawal symptoms of various drugs that people take in the street. The time course, the process of smallpox, is 3 weeks long. And the lesions are in specific locations on the body. Harden: As opposed to chicken pox. D'Amanda: Chickenpox is sort of a flood of these same-looking lesions. On a black-skinned person, they're called taches blanches, white spots. Because as they erupt, they look like little blisters or pustules; but when they become scars, the black melanin hasn't gotten to that space; in fact, it's new tissue and it may never be replaced. In fact, that's how we do the assessment: we look for the white spots, the taches blanches. But the white spots have to be in different locations, and the patients have to have been sick for a different period of time. So that was a differential diagnosis. Harden: Someone spoke about a different smell for smallpox. Does this mean anything to you? D'Amanda: Not one I remember. It may have been, but I used those measures that I just described for you. I did not use my nose. Harden: All right. You were going to talk a little more now about the Niger assessment. Would you? D'Amanda: Okay. Our primary job was to make sure that we vaccinated at least 94% of the people with smallpox vaccine. Smallpox, like all infectious diseases, has something called herd immunity, meaning that you don't have to really cover every individual with whatever vaccine or inoculation to get immunity for the population. The only reason smallpox was eradicable was because the virus only lived in human cells. So it was known from work done here, before we even got out to West Africa, that if we got 90% of the population immunized, the virus couldn't survive. So our job was to first of all organize people in the various campements de marché [ph.], in whatever way we would bring them together to get them all inoculated with the Ped-O-Jet. And then going away and get the country done, within the 3-year period. We thought we could do the same thing with measles but that was an error. We thought measles infected children who were 5 or 6, when they first went to school. We did not understand that the epidemiology is a crowding phenomenon. And the crowding phenomenon in West Africa is going to marché. (market). Infants are carried on their mother's back. So as soon as they are born, they're introduced to the markets of whatever region they're in. And they get exposed. So in fact, the measles virus was transmitted very, very rapidly, and there was no way we could cycle in the 3-year time to get all the new children being born. So measles became actually a sticking point because in some of the African countries, especially places like Ivory Coast, smallpox had virtually vanished before we even arrived. There were a few cases, but they were imported cases, usually from Upper Volta because so many of the men from Upper Volta had to come south to find work. There was very little employment in countries like Niger or Upper Volta, and they lived by subsistence farming. So they'd go south to get money. But they'd also bring disease with them. Harden: So some of the countries were not supportive, then [of the smallpox effort]? D'Amanda: Well, that had to do a large part with how they were beholden to the French, their agent technique [ph.] who were French. Some of them were upset that we weren't eradicating measles. We'd set out to do that. That was part of our title: Smallpox/Measles Eradication. We did it with smallpox, but we in no way did it with measles, and so they were disappointed. There were a few slings and arrows thrown at us, but we had to do a mea culpa, or effectively so, that we didn't understand that the crowding phenomenon [that we assumed] had occurred in this country at the age of 5 or 6 and which would have given our cycle of 3 years ample time to vaccinate everybody, simply didn't work in the developing world. And so we did the best we could. Harden: In the forward to your journal in Niger, you stated that after being in Africa for a while, "The stranger begins to long for the leisure that cannot be had here, and he knows, even as he does so, that he has become a devotee of the special non-leisure that is Africa." Would you comment on living in Africa? D'Amanda: Well, it has to begin with us. It has to begin with the enthusiasm and the excitement we felt. We've talked about it a couple of times already here, in this reunion. It was really a new adventure for all of us. It was a new program for the country. It had extraordinary benefit in the potential to think that we could be helping so many people in such a distant place live, survive. So we were all fired up. And some of us enjoyed the clique of the American, sort of ambassadorial, residence and everybody of that sort. But most of us had to be out in the field, and we got to know the countries we were in well. I certainly got to know Upper Volta as well as anybody who was living in the capital because I was traveling all over the place. But in that process, you begin to realize that there's very little rest for these people. Subsistence farming is a cruel fate, and nature is there at every beck and call, either with too much water or not enough, either with seeds that can germinate or can't. There were very few animals in my area, so that there was no loss from predation. But it was just nature. And so people are always trying to take care of themselves, to get enough food just to survive. And then that's part of the traveling: people from Niger would travel through Upper Volta to go down to Ivory Coast, just to look for work. And I became aware of this energy that was often physical, was certainly mental. And it's not to say that there weren't warm, wonderful family units. And the camp, the compounds that we visited and the ones that I got to know in Ouagadougou and would be invited into for evening tea, were special, warm, loving places. But the real world was much harsher. That's what I was trying to get at: the fact that, in any developed country and certainly in America, we have the time to put punctuation marks. The time to take a break. Read a book. Watch TV. Listen to a concert. But that can't happen there. Harden: The program obviously had a major impact on you and the rest of your life. Would you comment on this and on the idealism of the '60s? D'Amanda: Let me deal with the first question. I never thought of myself as belonging. In fact, one of my regrets was that I was so busy in medical school that I didn't get into the idealism of the '60s. I mean, much of the Vietnam War went by me like that because I was too busy focusing. Harden: But on the other hand, you could have just come back and gone into private practice and made lots of money, and ignored the rest of the world. This is the kind of thing I'm thinking. D'Amanda: Oh, okay. Harden: It sounds to me, from what I've read, that you were very much committed to these people, and that they grew on you a lot. D'Amanda: Yes, they did. And the exposure to them. The simplicity and the dignity and the integrity. And I've learned the same with the poor people I work with now, from the inner city of Philadelphia, many of whom have not had much education. Literacy was, I thought, the way to get ahead in life. I had no idea, until I went to Africa, that literacy had nothing to do with wisdom. We met lots of very wise men and women there who couldn't read, couldn't write. But they were wise in life. Did I come out of Harvard, thinking that was possible? Not at all. In any event, it was possible, and my goal of becoming an academic doctor in some ivory tower was totally blown. One of the things that Sencer [David J. Sencer] asked us to do [to prepare for this interview] addresses that particular question. This was my number-one response: altered career plan and life: From academic medicine in an ivory tower, to addiction medicine in the trenches with citizens victimized by poverty, racism, and bigotry. Because that's what we've got here. We don't have subsistence farming, but we have people who are diminished in their value, and certainly in their ability to lead quality lives by a lot of "isms." And so, that's what, in the largest sense, those 3 years meant for me. Working with poor people, and, certainly in the northeast part of America, working with blacks, was not anything I had any experience with. We had had a black cook in the house I grew up in, and that was about my extent. I had read about the Black Panthers, and I had read about the freedom movements of various groups, and the "Black is beautiful" concept that was being promoted in the '60s. I knew that Stokely Carmichael had taken refuge in, or been offered asylum (I'm not sure what the proper phrase should be) in Guinea, and was a guest of the president, Sékou Touré. So I had friends in the airlines business, a wonderful... Vert Comboree, an absolutely statuesque, brilliant, and very, very intelligent and wonderful woman. And I asked her if she knew anybody who knew Stokely. Oh, she said, "I do. Because I'm a friend of the president's." Vert was a friend of virtually every man of power, as far as I was concerned. And whether she was courtesan or not didn't make any difference. She was just a very special human being. So anyway, she set up an interview. So I flew to Conakry and took a cab to the president's compound, a section of which he'd given over to Stokely. And I had a wonderful 3-hour talk with him. Strange, Caucasian- American, walking into this compound. . .I don't know whether he knew I was coming or not. I have no idea. In any event, one of the things he said, which was very, very special to me, was "Don't try and do things for black people in America." In other words, "Don't do a Teddy Roosevelt." He did use that phrase. Don't carry any big sticks on their behalf. He said (again, I'm having to paraphrase my own recollection, but basically, he said), "If you can open a door, that's fine. They may choose to go through it or not. But that's their business, not your business." Harden: Bill Cosby would tell them to walk through it. D'Amanda: Well, Bill Cosby's a newer generation. Harden: Right. D'Amanda: And one that has some legitimacy, I guess a lot, with the people who want to believe that they would or should. But a lot of people don't buy that. Harden: There must be a thousand stories that you have from your experiences over there. Is there anything that just impresses you that you'd like to get on the record here? D'Amanda: One of my difficulties, I guess, in the life I've led, is that I am enough in the moment so that even though I've got a reasonable mind, I tend to forget moments. The memories that I could share at this moment are the friendships and the excitement of being on the move. That's why I took that little caper in Nigeria, even though I was supposed to only be working in Niger. And I loved the excitement. What stories, what stories... Part of being bilingual in Abidjan, which was a much more sophisticated city than Ouagadougou, meant that I got to know people at the university. One friend of mine and I used to give great parties. Dominique would know various restaurants that would be available, and we would know lots of people at the various embassies, and so we had these wonderful, sort of all- night dancing, drinking, fun parties, in Abidjan. On the work side, I would say that the most important piece for me was something I've already alluded to, which was, you don't walk with a big stick. You listen, and you are patient. You observe, and you figure out where the hook is, to use a family therapy term-how to get in. Because you've got to work on somebody else's territory, as well as your own, to influence change. And change is why I went into family therapy. I'll share a story to give you a perspective of part of what made Africa so useful for me, and part of why it was such a powerful experience. My first day in family therapy, there were 12 of us in the class. The supervisor was going around, asking each one of us why we had come. When she got to me, I said, without even thinking, it was totally reflexive, "I want to be free." And I'd be damned if I knew what I meant. Well, part of Africa was being free from here, my particular family of origin, the issues that my parents had, that my brother and I sort of united to be safe and separate from. There was a lot coming in, in family dynamics, that in quite significant ways, affected who I was, and I knew that. Just like I had the instinct that Harvard wasn't the real world. I didn't know what the hell it was, but I knew that I wasn't participating, and that's one of the things that Africa let me do. It's probably why I was so active. I had another fleeting thought. . .There are wonderful raconteurs that I have listened to. One of my favorite delights listening to Bob Hogan, who unfortunately isn't here. He could tell stories beautifully. Part of the issue of being over there, especially in Abidjan, was to go to the Fourth of July ambassadorial celebrations. You just talked to people you don't know and wandered around talking. And at one of them, I got into conversation with this fellow, who wanted to know how many people I knew in the government. He dropped some names. Did I know them? Yes, I knew them because I'd had to work with them and discuss things. A long story short, he began to ask me whether I would be willing to record my conversations with these people. I said, "What would I do that for?" "Oh," he said, "Well, there are people in America who would be interested." Well, it didn't take me long to figure out that he was a CIA [Central Intelligence Agency] operative, and he was trying to recruit me. And I just sort of stood back after a couple of minutes of this conversation. He even got to the point of saying, "Well, we know what you're doing here in Abidjan, and we could make it uncomfortable for you." I said, "What the hell do you mean? I don't play cops and robbers." And I was so fascinated by the way the system apparently works. I have heard this subsequently. There are people who collect data., conversations. And they reel them off into these recorders, and then somebody, somewhere, tries to fit them all together. I suppose that's a large part of what our "war on terrorism" was all about. Anyway, that was a story that made me understand, again, so powerfully, as so many other things in Africa did, that I just don't fit into any of those kinds of skullduggery cowboy stories. Cops and robbers is not my style. Harden: Before we stop, is there anything else about the program that you would like to talk about? D'Amanda: I guess I'd like to hope is that there are other programs like it in the future-where there's a mission that is humanitarian, requires scientific and administrative know-how, and can move ahead and get things accomplished. I've not been in the public health world, other than looking at addiction sometimes as a public health process and as a behavioral disorder. But I know there's a lot to do. And this country does have inordinate resources. I think we lack the will, too often. But this organization, 40 years ago, didn't. And I think that that's a tradition that could be remembered with benefit to everyone, including CDC. Harden: Thank you so much. </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_D4wKxBp6nk" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource interviews motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-13 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15ntn emory:15ntn Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO Relations with French Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 9519840000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harden, Victoria (Interviewer) D'Amanda, Christopher (Interviewee); CDC; Epidemiologist Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Title A name given to the resource D'AMANDA, CHRISTOPHER Description An account of the resource Dr. Chistopher D'Amanda, a CDC epidemiologist assigned to Upper Volta (Burkina Faso) with responsibility for Niger and Cote D'Ivoire describes relationships with the French and the host countries as well as relating the relationship of the epidemiologist and Operations Officer in the field. Dr. D'Amanda also describes a cross border excursion to Nigeria following a smallpox outbreak. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/856ae8e9debcf0a0fb88fad7eec1217f.jpg c4496bf89f802d44f19921c5977ef646 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/84ddaacdfd3a2e0353d387af7eea8d34.mp3 3ace9d384155207cd1d834f6b9c8e3ea https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/62c38e3955439f427d51ca7b3a2385ff.pdf 1279ef2ab906908d12145d08f49aad64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> This is an interview with Ilze Henderson on July 13, 2006, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, about her involvement with the West African Smallpox Eradication Project. The interview is being conducted as part of a reunion marking the 40th anniversary of the launch of the program. The interviewer is Alicia Decker. Decker: What I thought would be an interesting way to begin is for you to just briefly describe your early life, some of the major factors or influences that affected you as you were growing up. Henderson: That's a question that's hard for me to answer. I was born in Riga, Latvia, and my life was very normal until age 7. Then the world fell apart. Now we call it genetic cleansing. It was Soviets shipping out people to Siberia. They just missed my family, so we had to flee to my grandparents, to the country. But that was the first time I realized that you can't depend on anyone. Then the war started. Finally, we fled to Germany and we stayed there, in southern Germany, until the war ended, and then spent 5 years in displaced persons camps. We came to the United States. Immigrants are sponsored. Well, our sponsor had become a drug addict, and he was losing his own job. So we managed. Finally, my father got a job in Milledgeville State Hospital, the largest hospital in Georgia, if not anywhere else, and,despite being a surgeon, he became a psychiatrist. Then I went to the University of Georgia, degree in pharmacy, and worked here in 1965, met Rafe Henderson [Ralph H. Henderson]. And he went off to Africa for a while and came back, and we got married in May of '66. In October, we went off to Lagos, in Nigeria. Decker: Wow! So you were married in May 1966, and then in October 1966, you moved to Africa. Henderson: Yes, yes, we did. Decker: Wow! Henderson: And I started a journal. Decker: Oh, wow. Henderson: And I can't stop it, so I've been doing it ever since then. Decker: Forty years. Henderson: Yes. An interesting part is that we left Atlanta October 13, 1966, and then we had the weekend off because the plane to Lagos left from New York. So we did this wonderful trip, well, Pan Am to Dakar, Roberts Field, stopping every few places, and we arrived on October 19 in Lagos. It was hot, humid, colorful, smelly, I'm saying. We got there at 2:00 pm, and we were very tired. The weather was hot. We were provided with USAID [U.S. Agency for International Development] houses, which was like living in Florida, and we had a cook and a small boy and a gardener, a night watchman, and day watchman. So that's where it started. Decker: Wow! Did you write in your journal every day? Henderson: Yes. And this is 4 years on 1 page. Now I have 1 year on 1 page. Decker: Wow! So, as newlyweds, what was the motivation for you and Rafe to pack up and to move to Lagos? Henderson: Well, he was an EIS [Epidemic Intelligence Service] Officer, and he came to Atlanta in July '65, and he did the usual EIS things. And then there were a couple of people, Mike Lane [J. Michael Lane] and Larry Altman [Lawrence K. Altman], who were already in West Africa, and I guess Larry was coming back. And they needed somebody else. So they said, "Do you want to go on this smallpox-measles thing?" And so Rafe did. He came back and married me. Decker: And when you got married, did you know that you were going to be going off to Africa, or was it a surprise? Henderson: Oh, yes. No, it wasn't a surprise.. Decker: Was this your first time to Africa? Henderson: Yes. Decker: How much notice did you have between finding out that he wanted to go to Africa and your actually leaving? Did you have a lot of time to prepare mentally, physically, emotionally? Or was it a very quick transition? Henderson: At that age, you don't care about those things. You know, "Let's just go." Decker: Just do it. Henderson: Yeah. Decker: That's great. Henderson: I have a scrapbook in the meeting room where we got briefed. And we got French lessons, of course-we were going to Lagos, which is English-speaking. We got lists of things as to what we were supposed to take that's supposed to last us 3 years, as if we were going to the end of the world. Anything and everything. That was a summer of preparation. Decker: Okay. So it's just a few months. Henderson: Yes, July to October. Decker: So, then, what were some of the greatest challenges you faced upon arriving in Lagos? Henderson: The heat. Humidity. Not knowing where anything was; different money; the new languages being spoken around you. Oh, and also, looking back, one flies a lot and one has colds in Lagos, and we had colds, and we had viruses, and we had diarrhea, and we had trots. In the 30, 40 years, I've only had 3 bad attacks of diarrhea, whereas my husband had a lot more. And other people. I mean, in this group . . . Decker: Healthy bunch? Henderson: No, no. We had to take what we called Sunday-to-Sunday medicine, which is chloroquine every Sunday. One of our group said one of the side effects is going deaf, and Margaret Grigsby [Margaret E. Grigsby] did. Of course, now we don't take it anymore because it's not good. I mean, they said it developed resistance, so you had to take other things. It wasn't ever a normal life for me. We started the morning with salt pills, vitamins, and aspirin (because we rode around in trucks a lot and we got shook up). The program covered 25 countries in West Africa, and everybody did not start work at the same time. There was a lot of travel for the regional office and people coming in and going out to the bush. So, we lived in Lagos, but it was mostly to regroup and wash up and then go out again. What was real different with me was that we didn't have-we don't have-children, so if we had enough money, I could go with Rafe, and that was fantastic. That s ort of subnormal life lasted until the end of April of '67, when Don Millar [J. Donald Millar] sent a cable saying, "You're supposed to be in Delhi with Dr.Lyle Conrad and Dr. Gordon Reid to put out the smallpox epidemic in India, like yesterday." (We called Conrad "Conree" because we combined the 2 names.) Decker: So this was in May of 1967. Henderson: Yes. Decker: So you had been in Nigeria for less than a year. Right? Henderson: Yes. Decker: From October '66 through May '67. And then you went to New Delhi? Henderson: Yes, because, seemingly, India was out of smallpox vaccine, and theirs was the kind that you apply with a rotary lancet, which is really an instrument of torture. But D. A. Henderson [Donald A. Henderson] from Geneva had said that "we will give you all the vaccine you want, but you have to use the Ped-O-Jet." So he said, "We're going to send 3 people from CDC-Atlanta to vaccinate India." Well, it turned out that that was the sort of demonstration project, vaccinating a whole lot of people like the police and the school kids. They were all already vaccinated, and that was what we did. When they sent the vaccine, they forgot to include the diluent, and the first demonstration project too! Many of the public health people had been saying, "This is a test and it doesn't hurt." Well, the vaccinees were all cringing and grabbing their arms because the vaccine was reconstituted with water and not saline. Decker: Oh, because it was freeze-dried, and so you had to reconstitute it with saline. Henderson: So they had to make their own saline, and from then it went a little better. And it was pre-monsoon. It was very hot and dry. . Whereever we went, we were given tea or Orange Spot or Pop Cola or Pee Cola, which tasted not so good, but, you know, it was liquid. India had thrown out Coca-Cola . So I think we survived that and came back to Atlanta for debriefing, and that was one of those wonderful flights, like New Delhi, Tehran, Ankara, Istanbul, Rome, New York. And we rushed from 1 plane to another and got back to what was the Sheraton Emery back then. I think it was like a 33- hour flight or something, so exciting. Decker: And when was this? Henderson: It was June 4, 1967. The next day, we had breakfast in the CDC cafeteria and lunch at CDC, and we slept a lot, and we're awake at 3:00 in the morning. And the war in the Middle East was starting, and RFK [Robert Kennedy] was shot in L.A. And I guess we had a little vacation for some reason. Then, on June 23, Rafe went to Lagos, and I stayed here for some reason. And then, in July, I went back to Africa. And then the Biafran War started. Decker: So July 1967, you returned to Lagos. Henderson: Well, no, to Accra. Decker: To Accra first, and then Lagos? Henderson: No. I can't remember the date of the start of the Biafran War, but it looks like that was a time when dependents could not go back into Lagos because it was too dangerous. Although there was only 1 small plane that tried to bomb Lagos, and that didn't work too well. So then Rafe was given or asked for a job to do assessments of the different programs in West Africa program. So I don't think I got back to Lagos. .. This was really wonderful. This was sort of like camping out forever. But I didn't get back to Lagos for a long, long time, to the point where it was becoming financially difficult because we had to pay for my tickets, and Rafe was sort of at wit's end and saying, "I'm just going to quit because this can't go on." And then they said, "Well, do some more assessments," and that worked out okay, and that was really a lot of fun in Niger and northern Nigeria and western Nigeria. And the trucks breaking down. The Dodge trucks were guzzling gas and were not made for the roads that were there. There was a trip from Niamey to Kaduna on which I think we broke like 5 things on the truck. Usually it was just washboard roads, you know, so you were really shook up all the time. But near Kaduna, there was a paved road or asphalt. But the truck was so bad that we couldn't hold it on the road, so we had to drive 2 tires off the asphalt and 2 on. And by the time we got to Kaduna,, we drove up to Hogan's house and they couldn't recognize us because we had red dust all over. Really fun. Decker: How exciting! Henderson: Yes. In western Nigeria, the assessment was during rainy season, so we got stuck coming and going. There's a picture downstairs where Rafe is crawling into the Dodge truck through the window. We went to a village-this famous survey where you pick out the village and you check people in their houses for vaccination scars. So there was this nice road, and then we got to what looked like a puddle, but it was big ruts, so we got stuck. And the villagers came and looked, and they said, "For 2 pounds, we'll pull you out," and they did, and we were very thankful. We came back, and we got stuck again in the same place. Decker: Fifty pounds. Henderson: No, five. Decker: Oh, my. Henderson: And just some fantastic meetings of the emir of Yelwa, which is on the western part of the country. People were fighting over their land or their churches or whatever, like last year. But the emir back then, I guess he was 40, had been to Oxford, but he still wore his robes. In Yelwa, there were these fantastic markets, where all kinds of people gathered and we did market surveys. I helped a little bit, to look at arms. And the first group was usually the butchers because they were the first ones in the market. The meat was all raw, and ever since then, I really like it well done. And they were very accommodating. It was a cold early morning, so the people wore many layers, and you had to stand there, and the aroma of the meat was overwhelming, until till they took off all the layers of clothing so we could see their arm with the vaccination scar. But other people then started coming. The busiest time, I guess, was between 11:00 and 2:00, when the sun is at the hottest. And most of the different groups didn't mind showing their arms. Except we met some ladies. Now we'd say they were dressed in leather miniskirts with cowry shells. I don't think they had spears, but they had some kind of a weapon. And, of course, they wouldn't, certainly, let us look at their children. And they didn't talk to us, and we knew not to ask if we could take their photo because they were really tough. Decker: Was this in Yelwa? Henderson: Yes, the Yelwa market. Decker: So you were really on the front lines with Rafe the whole time? Henderson: Yes, I guess partially because of the Biafran War. Decker: So you got to see everything that he got to see? Henderson: Yes. Decker: Instead of staying isolated in a compound somewhere. Henderson: With air-conditioning. Decker: How interesting. You're my kind of woman. I like that; I definitely like that. So, some of the challenges. . . Did you have to learn how to fix the Dodge trucks yourselves? Henderson: No. They did. Decker: They being the men? Henderson: Well, you finally had to rely on the driver because the driver was the most competent. I mean, some of the people who went, like Rafe, could kick the tire and look under the hood. Although once we broke down in a rubber plantation in Sierra Leone or Liberia. There was this feeling that we'd been losing brake fluid, and eventually the brakes didn't work. So what they discovered was that the Dodge was designed where the brake-fluid line was right next to the engine block, so of course when you shook on the washboard roads, it eventually would rub a hole in there. So, what do you do? Well, we had a first-aid kit which had cotton, and we found some thin rope somewhere, and we said, "Well, that won't do. But, look, there's a rubber tree, with rubber." So they got some rubber and cotton, and then they wound the twine or the rope around the line, and it held for some time. Decker: So you bit off part of the rubber tree, chewed it off? Henderson: No. The rubber itself, because they tapped the rubber tree. Decker: Oh, and it's like syrup, it's sap. Henderson: It's like chewing gum, almost. Decker: That's right. That's a great story, that's a great story. Henderson: All true. Decker: So, when you went back in '67, back to Lagos finally, that's when you started traveling around the region? Henderson: No, it was before that. It was from the time after India, after Atlanta, and then we started traveling. Decker: Okay. And then, after the travels around the region, you came back to Lagos? Henderson: Yes. And it was nice to meet all the MOs [medical officers] and the OOs [operations officers] everywhere. There was something about Jay Friedman [Jay S. Friedman] bellowing for his driver named Benson , who was supposed to come pick him up. The driver finally showed up and he said, "Well, my watch didn't work," which was not exactly right. . . And in western Nigeria, I think we did part of the assessment iduring the war with Biafra, so there were roadblocks everywhere, every few miles, manned by the local police and usually drunk soldiers. And they didn't get along among themselves very well. And there was, of course, a curfew. Wherever you were going, you had to be there by 7 pm. So when you get stuck in mud on the road and you can't quite get out . . . We had 1 very uncomfortable checkpoint stop where the police and army were arguing with each other. We had to take everything out of the truck, and they went through everything. And I think one probably wanted a little gift, and they couldn't agree, until Rafe finally said, "This is an American Embassy vehicle, and I need your names because I have to make a report," so that sort of stopped them. And they thought a bit and they said, "Look, just go on." Decker: Oh, so you were in an embassy vehicle, or did you just make it up? Henderson: No. Well, I guess, you know, USAID is part of the government. Decker: That's true. Henderson: And the embassy is our thing in the country, so, yeah. Decker: Clever, very clever. So, what were some of the challenges of working with your local country counterparts? I mean, you talked about some of the physical challenges of living in Africa. What about the interpersonal relationships with the Nigerians? Henderson: The regional office was regional, so the Nigeria program was a country program. Decker: Oh, okay. Henderson: Dr. Foster [Stanley O. Foster] and Dottie [Dorothy Foster] were working with the Nigerians, so we really didn't interact with the Nigeria program. Decker: Oh, you didn't. Okay. Henderson: Well, at dinners and receptions. And I'm sure Rafe had some interaction, but that was a big program. Nigeria is a big country, so it was Dr. Foster who did it. Well, whenever we went to a country, we'd stay with either the MO or the OO. It was just wonderful: an exhausting day and a delicious dinner and fall in bed. Decker: So your husband was the regional epidemiologist? Is that correct? Henderson: He was Deputy Director of the regional office. And George Lythcott was the Director. And Don Millar was the counterpart here in Atlanta, and then D. A. Henderson in Geneva. Decker: Okay. Were you and your husband actually administering vaccinations yourselves, or were you supervising teams that were doing that? Henderson: I didn't. I took pictures and observed the ambiance. Decker: Have you written a book, published a book? Henderson: No. This "Any Year Diary" I am holding, is my book. Decker: It sounds like you have amazing memories.. . . Henderson: The OOs and the MOs were all epidemiologists. So when Rafe went to a country, he'd make a checklist as to whatever was going on and the problems, the accomplishments, the unsolvables, all that. And , we all would volunteer , sometimes, to be vaccinated. I've been vaccinated so much. So that was my only involvement. Decker: Okay. Can you describe a typical day, or was every day different? Henderson: Every day is different. Decker: Every day is different. So you were always moving around? Henderson: Yes. Decker: So, then, was it difficult, I suppose, to form attachments with local friends? Henderson: Well, not in those years in West Africa because we were all friends. We were all like a big team. No, that was no problem. It was a unique experience and situation. Decker: What are some of the things that you or your husband would have done differently, looking back on the program today? I mean, obviously, it was a great success. But are there any elements that you would have changed if you could do it again? Henderson: Probably the orientation wasn't that realistic. But in any travel, they give you a sheet of things that are supposed to go on, I mean, and it doesn't really. And I don't think anyone can really know, unless they send someone to do exactly what you're going to do and they come back and they report. But their report sometimes is very different from what really goes on on the ground. Back then there were no emails. Phones didn't work very well. I think if you'd called from Lagos to Cotonou-which is like, what? an hour away or so?-the call went from Lagos to London to Paris to Cotonou because the French had their system and the British had their system. And there were no satellite phones, of course. The mails were not reliable. So communication is always a problem. And when there's that breakdown, people in Atlanta had a different idea of what was going on in West Africa. And, of course, we thought the Atlanta people really didn't care much about us. That's putting it politely. Decker: Yeah. Henderson: And we had broken equipment. I mean, the trucks just weren't meant for West Africa. There were many times the Land Rover had to pull us out. Just to get spare parts . . . And there was a time we broke an axle-I mean, everybody was breaking axles, and it happens on a washboard road out in the middle of nowhere. And finally somebody comes by and pulls you into a town, and then you get a cable from Atlanta saying, "Well, 3 months to get a new axle." Decker: And what do you do? Henderson: Well, you can raid another truck, that kind of thing. And, when Atlanta came to West Africa, but it was rather ceremonial. I mean, they came for, I guess, the ten-millionth vaccination and the twenty-fifth million. Decker: I read about the ceremony that they had, Henderson: That was very good. Decker: They had a big observance: they vaccinated a young girl. Henderson: Yes. I was there. Decker: Could you describe that day or the event? Henderson: Oh, it was fantastic! Other than hot. It was a little bit up from Accra, so maybe it was higher, so it wasn't so humid. But all the chiefs were coming in. Each chief was under a ceremonial umbrella, of course, just red and gold-I guess Ghana used to be called the Gold Coast. These umbrellas were like what we have on our patios. And, of course, the chiefs were preceeded by the bearer and the person who carried the paramount chief's insignia and all that, and then probably a praise singer. Finally they got seated, and somebody had to hold the chief's arms because they were so weighed down in gold. And then we all sort of filed by and shook hands. And that's when the visiting cards were exchanged. And the drumming and the dancing! There was a group of women who pulled my husband into their midst and formed a sort of a circle, and I think they took turns dancing with him. I'd better not describe them, but they liked my husband. Decker: So it was a big event. Henderson: Yes. Decker: And the folks from Atlanta, like Dr. Sencer [David J. Sencer], flew in. Henderson: Millar, Dr. William Stewart, the Surgeon General of the United States, then. Decker: Oh, right. Henderson: And here are just wonderful pictures. [she is showingpictures] Decker: That's the Ogden book that you're showing me? Henderson: Yes, it is. It's the 10th anniversary. Decker: Okay. I just got done reading that book. Henderson: A letter from Billy Griggs is saying, "Sorry that you couldn't be with us," December 2, '87. And then James Mason, the CDC Director, was talking about the smallpox warriors in a special exhibit. Decker: Wow! Is this a letter that you would be willing to photocopy and give to the museum? Henderson: Sure. Decker: Okay. Henderson: And this mentions, in the first paragraph, the people who came. And here is a picture of the 3 instruments for vaccinating- the rotary lancet, jet gun, and the bifurcated needle. And this is where they're learning to repair Dodge trucks. Decker: So your husband was in one of photos? Henderson: Right there. And Bill Foege [William H. Foege]. Decker: So you're all just young-young, fresh, energetic. That's great. What an experience. How many years total were you in Nigeria and the region? Henderson: Three. Decker: Three. So you came back in . . . Henderson: July of '69. Decker: '69, okay. So I read that Nigeria was smallpox-free by May 1970. So you came back before it was completely eradicated. Henderson: Yes, because things were slowing down. Decker: Okay. It was just that final little pocket in Nigeria. Henderson: Yes. Decker: Okay. So, at what point did you actually think or believe that the smallpox would be eradicated? Henderson: Day 1. Decker: Day 1! So you were an optimist from the get-go. Henderson: Well, I think everybody thought that, except for maybe Millar, and, D.A. I don't know. Decker: Did you recognize the magnitude of what you were trying to accomplish at the time, or only years later? Henderson: Well, it's a horrible disease, and to see what it was doing to the villagers. There was one village that we went to, with either Jean Roy [Jeannel A. Roy] or Andy Agle, that had a smallpox epidemic. I don't know how many died. And the chief felt so responsible for it, felt that the smallpox was his fault, that he burned down his house. And he didn't have very much to start with. And in India we saw hemorrhagic smallpox, which is just on the skin. It's like having very thin skin. All the capillaries are just about to burst. The hospital in Delhi had a special ward for the people. It's an awful, awful disease. Decker: Was there an understanding among the folks on the ground of how smallpox was transmitted? Henderson: Well, not in those words, no. Decker: What was the local understanding of the disease? Henderson: If you go to the village level, it's just something that comes every year or every so many years. That's just part of life. Decker: Was it attributed to a particular god or act or witchcraft? Is there a way that people explained the disease? Henderson: Well, we really never got into it too much because you had to have several interpreters. And by the time the answer came back, it probably is not what was said at the end of the line. So I don't know. Decker: That's the anthropological side of me probing you here. Henderson: Well, Nigeria, or the Yorubas - Lagos, in Aboekuta, , Ibadan, had a smallpox cult that had been going for several hundred years probably. And maybe the priests or the Fetisheurs had been using variolation because they didn't get smallpox. So they could say, "Well, I'm the special person, and the chief of smallpox, but if you give me some gifts, maybe smallpox will not attack you. There are 2 kinds of smallpox; with one, your skin will break out; with the other, your mind is affected. So a little gift would help. And if it doesn't, then I'll just take care of you after you're dead. But I will need to be paid with your possessions." The British finally outlawed the cult, I guess, in 1905, but they had some outbreaks after that. Shapona is supposedly the smallpox god. The Fetisheur has a little sort of a shrine where he has the god, a special smallpox pot, and bottles of gin and vodka and things like that. I have a history of the Yorubas that I bought in a market. We all loved markets. Other than checking for vaccination coverage, I mean, they're just vibrant places and had wonderful stuff. There's the medicine and the Juju [phonetic] part of it, and all of the different things you can eat from these huge snails that must weigh 3 or 4 pounds, dried rats, and all the delicacies. Decker: Were you able to partake in eating all of the delicacies? Did you tend to live an American lifestyle in terms of diet, or did you jump into the culture with both feet? Henderson: Well, what is that thing that CDC travel book says, unless you cook it, peel it, or -you know, the 3 things-you don't touch. And, well, it's not comfortable to have a lot of diarrhea attacks, so one sort of watched. But we also went to the restaurants. The dishes I cook with ground nuts, too, they're just wonderful. Curries, West African curry, just different from Indian curry, somewhat. Brochettes of things, frog's legs, shrimp, barbeques. In northern Nigeria, they had too many peanuts, so the hogs were fed on peanuts, so that was a very good. Decker: You can tell it's close to lunchtime now. I'm talking about the food. Henderson: Well, yes, the food. And then, of course, there was English food, which wasn't so great. But the French, Lebanese, was just wonderful stuff. I was going to say that we should have tried more-well, we did, we did, but we didn't eat things off the street. I didn't think that was the best. And even then, I got diarrhea. My first diarrhea attack occurred in Accra, between the jet-gun demonstration in January and the 25th millionth vaccination. It was bad, and I took too many Lomotils, and I think I slept probably a whole day. Decker: Did you have major illnesses while you were there or just mostly routine diarrheas? Henderson: Diarrheas, colds, feeling, I guess Brits say, seedy, lousy. I think my husband probably had typhoid fever between Lome and Niamey. Maybe that's why he left me somewhere, and he went off to Lagos. But, well, I guess it was Niamey where the Peace Corps doctor had this big book of tropical diseases. I went down to look in it to see what he could have because he'd been treating himself, thinking he had malaria and he didn't. So he'd be okay one day, and the next day he would be just shaking. There was a nurse who said, "Well, I've met some typhoid people, and sometimes they just jump out the window, it's so bad." But, luckily, the Peace Corps doctor had Chloromycetin, so Rafe got a dose of that, and I think I got some, and he recovered. Well, at that age, you don't think that health is that important. I think it's only after retirement, that that sort of hits people, things that should have been looked at before, like prostate cancer, colon cancer. I don't know if anyone had lung cancer in the group. But back then, we were invincible. Decker: During the time that you were actually in the field, were there moments that you had regrets or feelings such as, "What am I doing here? Why did we do this?" Henderson: No. Decker: No regrets. That's fabulous, that's fabulous. So, it seems like such a silly follow-up question, but in what ways did this experience as part of the project for these 3 years change your life? Henderson: We got sent to Geneva, Switzerland, to WHO [World Health Organization]. Decker: Oh, okay. Henderson: So we got back here in '69. Then Rafe got 2 more degrees, an MPH and an MPP [Master of Public Policy] from the JFK School. And then he came back to Atlanta, and he was given several projects. One involved blood in labs, I think; I can't remember. There's some blood network. It's not the Red Cross. And then Dr. Sencer thought that we should get some taste for how Washington is run, so we spent the summer there. And then we came back and Rafe started supervising the Venereal Disease Division. Eventually, the name was changed to Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and the list of diseases enlarged from just 2- gonorrhea, syphilis-to all the others, ending with unwanted pregnancy. Guess one shouldn't talk about that. And that lasted from '72 to '77. And in January of '77, Dr. Sencer said, "WHO needs an American to create the Expanded Program on Immunization for WHO, so do you want to go?" So Rafe said, "Oh, yes," and he spent the month of January in Geneva justifying why he was capable of doing it and why he would want to do it because WHO had many experts, over 50 or so, because they'd done everything and they knew everything, and then this young American comes. Decker: And Rafe was in his 30s, right? Henderson: Yes. And so, finally, they said, "Well, okay." I think D. A. Henderson was coming back, and that created the slot. And Rafe came back, I think, the end of January of-this is not the book; I have another book. Decker: You must have a line of books in your house. Henderson: I do, yes. I think I'll have a bonfire or something. Decker: No. You should donate them. Henderson: Yes, well. Decker: It depends on your secrets. Henderson: No. Most of them are in a code. Decker: Oh, that's good. Henderson: But it was a Saturday, and, Rafe was in Geneva. Back then CDC was smaller. . Jane and Dave Sencer were really taking care of everybody and supervising and giving wonderful dinners. Dr. Sencer came back from Washington. And this was after the swine flu problem. He'd been up there to brief Hale Champion, who was Undersecretary of Health and Human Services, Health, Education and Welfare, I guess. Dr. Sencer had been briefing him, and he was about to go out the door, and Hale Champion said, "By the way, you're fired." Decker: Wow! Henderson: So Dr. Sencer came back, and there we were all going to have a nice, joyful party, and that certainly put a damper on things. A few days later, Rafe came back, and CDC decided he could still go to Geneva, and they gave us a month to pack up and go, and we did. We went for 2 years, and the contract was renewable every 2 years, so if WHO and CDC were happy with Rafe, and Rafe was happy, it was renewed. So we stayed for 23 years. Decker: Oh, my. Are you still there? No. Henderson: No. We came back October 1, 1999. Decker: Wow! What an exciting life! Henderson: And the interesting thing is that, after the smallpox program, there were all these - in the states and other places. WHO turned out to be a place that had abbreviations for everything and they called the Expanded Program on Immunization EPI. , The old smallpox people were very valuable, so they were coming through EPI all the time. So smallpox and EPI sort of runs together to me, and I can't tell sometimes who's who. Decker: They view your experience in one, not into the next experience. Henderson: Well, the OOs and the MOs, that's what they did. They were valuable in running vaccination programs. So they had this expertise that WHO didn't have. Decker: So WHO needed them for their next thing? Henderson: And, well, Jean Roy is still running around doing that, and he works for the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, whose headquarters are in Geneva. Decker: I understand that you're trained as a pharmacist? Henderson: Yes. Decker: Do you practice as a pharmacist? Henderson: No. I retired in July of '66. Decker: Good for you! Had you practiced before you retired? Henderson: Yes. I was a pharmacist at Emory University Hospital pharmacy, and I should have worked about 4 more months so I would get full Social Security, but I didn't, so mine is half of what my husband is. Decker: Wow. Did you ever feel that because you were going where your husband was going, you missed out on your own career? Henderson: No, because the West Africa experience was so unique. Who wants to have a 9-to-5 job if you can do that? Decker: That's true. Henderson: And then coming back here for a few years was very nice. And then the EPI experience. I think I said before that I don't want to travel. I've had it. And I don't want to go camping. The only places I haven't been, I guess, are South America and China, Mongolia. We had a big network of friends; some of them, as I said, were from the Smallpox Program and some new ones. I went to so many meetings. And I wasn't welcomed everywhere at the meetings. Finally, we hit upon Rafe's introducing me as his personal assistant, instead of as his wife. There was no problem with that because there were other people who took people along who weren't exactly their wives. But, no, that was fantastic. Decker: Wow. So you were definitely a member of the team. Henderson: Yes, in a sense as being a personal assistant, taking photographs. Well, I'm also sort of a people watcher, and it's wonderful to see the people, what they say and what they do and how they perform. Decker: Did you have an opportunity to learn any local dialects? Henderson: No. We weren't there long enough. Decker: You were moving around too much. Well, you've done amazing things. Henderson: I wonder if I've forgotten something I wrote down but no, probably not. Decker: One of my last questions was actually going to be whether or not you would like to add anything that we haven't discussed? Henderson: I think the EPI experience is interesting. Decker: The EPI is the one in Switzerland? Henderson: No, global. Decker: Oh, the global, okay. You'll have to forgive me with the acronyms because I'm on the academic side over here with historians. But what incredible opportunities you've had. Is there a particular story that you can conclude with, of like the greatest challenge or the toughest moment or the most exciting moment? Henderson: All of those! Decker: And it all happened on 1 day. Henderson: Just about. Decker: Were you able to stay in contact with your family back in the United States? Henderson: Yes. At first it was just postcards. I have them on the desk.downstairs. And then I took home leave every 2 years. I would visit everybody for 2 weeks, and then collapse, emotionally, psychologically, and physically. And airplane travel isn't that great. But then it used to be better. But 1 thing I forgot: Rafe and I developed a hobby that we both participate in. The thing is that it's a hobby that you have to do together. It's bird watching. It started in Lagos. In Lagos, it would be dark and all of a sudden it would be sunny. And then in the evening, 6:00 sunset. Decker: Yes, the 12-hour days. Henderson: So we would be woken up to this bird outside our window-well, our windows were closed, but it was loud enough. And the bird was saying, "Quick, doctor, quick!" and it kept on and on and on. And Rafe said, "What in the world?" Well, it was a bird. Luckily, there was a little book that we found, The Birds of West Africa, I think, and it had that bird in it. It was a common bulbul, and it's the Omar Khayyam's nightingale. It's a nondescript bird, and it's not like the European nightingale. And then we saw all these other birds out there in the garden, and sure enough, they were in the book. They were all colorful and loud and great. And from then on, we started birding, and now we do that. We always had been members of the Georgia Ornithological Society. They have a spring meeting and a fall meeting and a winter meeting in different places in Georgia. So now that we're back here, we're going bird watching and we meet these unbelievable people who just know what's what and hear a sound, and they say, "No, that's not it. That's what that is." Decker: So you traveled the world and found . Henderson: Yes, but this is just in Georgia. In August, we're going to Jekyll, Tallahassee, Kennesaw, Columbus. We don't do all the canoeing and kayaking, and we're not that good, because each continent has different birds, but we're learning. Decker: What a fun hobby. Henderson: Yes. Oh, the thing is that if you see a bird and you say that's what it is, well, someone has to agree with you, so that's the hobby that we can do. Decker: And do you ever fight over it? Henderson: Yes. Decker: And who's right? Henderson: This spring, he was. He saw an orange-crowned warbler, and you can't see a crown and it's not orange, but that's what it was. Decker: That's great. So Africa comes back to you again. Well, thank you so much. Henderson: Well, thank you. Decker: Thank you for your stories, thank you for your time. You're just a firecracker. Henderson: Yeah, on vacation. Decker: Yeah, well, that's great. So thank you for your time. # # # </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="166" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310125697&amp;color=ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource text interviews Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-13 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/158jd emory:158jd Subject The topic of the resource WHO Biafra War Life as expatriate wife CDC USAID Smallpox Eradication Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 699002640 bytes audio/x-aiff Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Decker, Alicia (Interviewer); Emory University; Graduate Student Henderson, Ilze (Interviewee); CDC; Wife of Deputy Director of Regional Office Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource HENDERSON, ILZE Description An account of the resource Ilze Henderson, wife of Rafe Henderson who served as Deputy Director of Regional Office, in Nigeria. Ilze tells of immigrating from Latvia to the United States and meeting her husband, Rafe, during college and moving to Lagos, Nigeria shortly after they married. Ilze went with Rafe on assignment to India, and then back to Nigeria. Ilze speaks of the Biafra War in Nigeria, traveling with her husband on assessment surveys, adjusting to life as an expatriate, Rafe's later career with CDC and WHO, and life and hobbies since the years spent working on smallpox eradication. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e214eeca245e167b74d5279079ee184b.pdf 83ef65e12944da83cba225808330685b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Documents Government Records Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GUINEA WORM Description An account of the resource “Guinea Worm: Dracunculiasis: An economically important water borne disease that could be eliminated in extensive areas during the "Water Decade”,” an overview document that explains how the disease can be prevented. Produced by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Gathany, Nancy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1981