16 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/52e3a6012227df4737362c23378943c1.jpg f7d78b88df4e468df04a13d6b5b8f263 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/6fdf939dd6d1e87749f04827b6d25b6b.pdf 56ec1ccdb453f5b28d463fc0b50e594d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> This is an interview with Ernestine Hopkins on July 14, 2006, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, about her involvement with the West African Smallpox Eradication Program. This interview is being conducted as part of a reunion marking the 40th anniversary of the launch of the program. The interviewer is Kata Chillag. Chillag: I'm going to ask you to broadly describe your relationship to the West African Smallpox Eradication Program. I know it was as a spouse. Hopkins: We came over to West Africa in October 1967. We were part of the second wave to come over. My husband was in charge of the Smallpox Eradication Program in Sierra Leone, and I believe it was the country with the highest rate of smallpox cases in West Africa. I guess my role was basically to support my husband. I had worked up until then, but I wasn't able to work there, so I ended up traveling with him out into the villages. Our weekly schedule was basically 3 or 4 days living in the villages and then coming back to a wonderful apartment on the weekends. Chillag: So you were in the capital? Hopkins: We lived in the capital, but we traveled out in the villages during the week. Chillag: And where did you stay when you were in the villages? Hopkins: We usually stayed in government rest houses. Some of them were OK, but many were mud huts. For me, one problem was the heat, and of course there was no air-conditioning out in the villages. A second problem was that often the houses had been closed up for long periods of time, which allowed bugs to accumulate. And a third problem was that very little electricity was available. So we had to put a coin in a meter, which produced light for about 10 minutes. So it was very difficult for me in the beginning. It was my first trip out of the United States. Chillag: Oh, yes. I was going to ask. Hopkins: So it was a very interesting experience and I'm very happy I had it. Chillag: Before you went, what were your expectations of what it was going to be like? Hopkins: Actually, it was pretty much like what I had expected. The only difference was that the capital cities were more developed than I had anticipated. They were very similar to those I'd visited in Caribbean countries, such as Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. So the capitals were fine, but as soon as we left the boundaries of the capitals, we were kind of in the bush. But overall, it was very much like what I had expected. Chillag: How long were you there? Hopkins: We spent 2 years in Sierra Leone. We were in India for about 3 months with the same program. And then we were in East Africa for a few weeks during Don's [Donald R. Hopkins] residency. Chillag: How did you feel when you found out you were going to Sierra Leone? Hopkins: Well, I had been hoping we would to be assigned to a French- speaking country so that I could learn to speak French. I have to say the first few months were really difficult for me because of the climate, but not for Don. Don's from Miami, so I think the climate was pretty similar, so it didn't bother him so much. The first 3 months were very difficult because we didn't have an apartment and we lived at a hotel. After we got our apartment, we began to travel to the villages more frequently. There, we met many Peace Corps volunteers, who helped the program by alerting the health offices of smallpox cases they had seen. So after the first 3 months, the experience was just wonderful. Chillag: What were some of the cultural challenges that you encountered? Hopkins: Well, actually, everything was a challenge. But for me, a major challenge was having people who did the cooking and cleaning for us and the lack of privacy. Another was that we had to be very careful with food (disinfecting all vegetables) and water (boiling and filtering). Most of the Sierra Leoneans we met socially had studied in the States, so I can't say that there was a big cultural difference there. Chillag: You mentioned that you had worked before, but you couldn't work there. How was that? Hopkins: For me, that was the most difficult part of the experience because I had worked my way through college. So I had always been very busy, and suddenly, there was no work. I was told that I couldn't work there because I would be taking a job from a Sierra Leonean. There was an institute for the blind in Freetown, where I'd hoped to volunteer, but I could not. So I decided to travel with Don, even though I had no particular interest in public health. Many of the wives had children. I believe Ilze [Ilze Henderson] and I were the only spouses who did not have children, so we were able to travel with our husbands. In retrospect, I think my experiences when traveling with Don proved to be invaluable. And I began to enjoy it very much, particularly during our second year there. Chillag: So, what was a typical day like when you were out in the field, in the bush? Hopkins: Well, on a typical day we would travel to different villages. The roads were terrible in Sierra Leone, so, for example, going from Freetown to Bo, the second largest city in Sierra Leone, took about 3 hours in a Land Rover-on a very rough road. So we were kind of bumping along until we got to a village after 3-4 hours. Eating while on the road was another problem. We ate mostly bananas. Basically our diet consisted of Coca-Cola, nuts and maybe a piece of cheese, and, of course, bananas. The villages were very interesting to me and I saw a lot of smallpox. Overall, my African experience was a fantastic educational experience for me and I would have been happy to have had another assignment there. But we had to return to the United States so that Don could complete his residency. After completing his residency and earning an MPH, the political and social climate in America had changed and there was not another opportunity for us to go back to Africa. Chillag: You mentioned about people with smallpox in the villages. What was that like? Hopkins: Well, I wasn't worried about getting smallpox because I had been vaccinated. I often saw people who had smallpox pustules, but they often didn't appear to be very ill. But, I distinctly remember a little boy who was covered with smallpox pustules and his eyes were swollen. He was about 4 or 5 years old, and he looked so miserable because he had to stand up in front of a doctor so that he could be examined. Every inch of his skin was covered with pustules; even his eyes were swollen and closed. He stood so still and silent. This was very painful for me to see. Chillag: What do you think were the biggest challenges for your husband in doing the work? Hopkins: I think the large number of cases was a major challenge because Sierra Leone had the highest incidence of smallpox of any country in the program. I also think the time frame was a concern because Don wanted to eradicate smallpox during his 2- year assignment in Sierra Leone. So I would say that the time frame and the number of cases were the 2 biggest challenges for him there. Chillag: And you said you followed him most of the time. Were you separated at other times, or you were with him the whole time? Hopkins: I was with him all the time. I don't think we were ever separated in West Africa, except when he went to the office. Chillag: You mentioned that, out in the village, you were in the rest houses, which were often mud huts. Did you have any experiences that are very striking to you? Hopkins: Oh yes. One of the government rest houses had apparently been closed up for some time. We had traveled from early morning, and it was quite dark outside, so I would assume it was about 9:00 PM when we arrived at the rest house. In order to have light inside, we had to insert a coin into the electricity meter, which would provide electricity for 10 or 12 minutes. So we put a coin in and opened the door, and all of a sudden I heard these bodies falling on the floor from the walls. There were huge cockroaches covering the walls, and they were dropping from the walls to the floor. Some of the locals sprayed inside the room and swept up the dead bugs; there were hundreds of them. On another occasion, after conscientiously attaching my bed netting around the bed, I fell asleep. During the night I felt something crawling on my hand. I saw the largest cockroach crawling on my hand inside the mosquito net. I screamed and woke Don up. I think the size of the bug even bothered him. All of the experiences which were difficult for me were related to bugs. For Don, I believe the most difficult were related to the few snakes we saw there. Chillag: Were there any difficult experiences with people? Hopkins: No, none at all. The people there were really wonderful, both those with the embassy and the locals that we met. I was very young then; I was 23. There were a lot of young people, under age 30, who had studied in the States and now worked in businesses in Freetown, so I had only positive experiences with the people there. Living there was a very good experience for me. Chillag: So, what were the most rewarding parts of it? Hopkins: The fact that Sierra Leone did get rid of the smallpox. And for me, I began to become a little bit more interested in languages. I've always had an interest in Spanish, but never French. After visiting some of the francophone countries, I became very interested in French language and culture, and later earned an MA [Master of Arts] degree in French. Chillag: So, clearly, this experience has affected your life in that way. Are there any other ways that participating in this program has affected your life? Hopkins: Oh, it's made me generally more interested in people from different cultures. I don't think I would have had that interest had I not been involved with Smallpox Eradication Program. Chillag: Well, thinking back to that time, if you had been in charge of the program, what practical or technical aspects would you have done differently to prepare people like you, couples like you, who went over to live? Hopkins: I think it's very important to protect your health, particularly regarding water and food. I don't think the medical facilities are ideal, even today. Additionally, in order to get a better idea of what it would be like to live in a village, I would recommend speaking with a Peace Corps volunteer about his or her experiences living in that area. But I think people learn as they live in an environment. Chillag: So, at what point did you think smallpox could actually be eradicated? Hopkins: From the start, because I believed my husband. I knew nothing about it, but I just knew that he was very good at what he was doing, and I just believed everything he said in those days. Not anymore. But I believed him, and I was very young, so he must have known. So it was that simple. Chillag: So, how do you feel about having been part of something so . . .? Hopkins: It's amazing to me that it turned out to be so wonderful. I thought once smallpox had been eradicated from Africa, no one would care that it had been eradicated. But smallpox now represents the first disease eradicated from the world, and I played a part. But it was a great time! Chillag: Does Don talk about it a lot? Hopkins: Oh, he still talks about it, but he's now trying to eradicate another disease, Guinea worm. So I think he's very excited about that disease now. But I believe the idea that Guinea worm disease could be eradicated was based on his work with the smallpox program. Don is very proud of the time that he spent with the Smallpox Eradication Program. Chillag: It sounds like it affected him. Hopkins: Yes. He wrote a book called Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History. It came out in 1983, and was nominated for a Pulitzer in the history of medicine category. It was out of print for a while, but the University of Chicago republished it about 3 years ago, with a slightly changed title. It's now called, The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History. For those interested in medicine or history, I think it's a great book. It shows how smallpox influenced history among both royalty and peasants. So Don was able to write a historical account of smallpox disease. Chillag: Very interesting. Do you have anything else to add? Do you want people to know for posterity about this experience? Hopkins: No, I don't believe so. Chillag: Well, thank you very much. Hopkins: Thank you. # # # </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310126372%3Fsecret_token%3Ds-F609W&amp;color=ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="166"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource sound recording - nonmusical interviews Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/158kj emory:158kj Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO Life as expatriate wife Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 322884912 bytes audio/x-aiff Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chillag, Kata (Interviewer); CDC; Anthropologist Hopkins, Ernestine (Interviewee); CDC; Wife of Medical Epidemologist Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource HOPKINS, ERNESTINE Description An account of the resource Ernestine Hopkins, wife of Don Hopkins, who was the Medical Epidemiologist for the Smallpox Eradication Program in Sierra Leone. Ernie talks of traveling with her husband to the field during the week, adjusting to life in Sierra Leone, meeting people with smallpox in the villages, and the ways in which the experience has impacted her life. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/cd9c59fc10df93186b073c1dd81353c8.jpg 15e7980cb2e517147851d6f369f1ec15 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/bc601c6c4356d4b94779f5ad0a296678.pdf 28d5b36c8168e32d6428726a82d6450d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> Interview Dr. Davida Coady with Interviewer Chris Vaniser Transcribed: January 2009 | Duration: 0:33:21 Chris Vaniser: This is an interview with Davida Coady on July 11, 2008 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia about her role in the Smallpox Eradication Project. The interviewer is Chris Vaniser. With this interview we are helping to capture for future generations the memories of participants and their families involved in eradicating smallpox. This is an incredibly important and historic achievement and we want to hear about your experience. I have some questions to guide you, but please feel free to recount any special stories or anecdotes that you remember about events or people. The legal agreement you signed says that you are donating the oral history to the U.S. Federal Government and it will be in the public domain. For the record, could you please state your full name and that you know you are being recorded. Davida Coady: Davida Coady, and yes I realize I am being recorded. Chris Vaniser: Thank you again for coming and sharing your memories about the Smallpox Eradication Project or Program. I guess to start, if you could talk a little bit about your early days before going on to college and if you knew what you wanted to do with your life, or what you wanted to be when you grew up; and share a little bit of that information with us. Davida Coady: I grew up in Berkeley, California in a family, none of whom had graduated from High School previously. I was fortunate enough though to be living in Berkeley, it had some good role models and decided that I wanted to something worthwhile with my life. I met two women doctors, pediatricians, running a camp for diabetic children and I decided that I would try to go to medical school and I did so. I read about Dr. Tom Dooley and his work in Southeast Asia, and I decided I wanted to spend part of my life in the Third World and went to medical school with that idea. Chris Vaniser: Were you thinking of being more of a clinician? Davida Coady: I was thinking more about being a clinician. I went to Columbia Medical School and of the acceptances I got, I chose that school because they had an elected[inaudible0:02:49] in Liberia in the fourth year, and I went there and I made a decision that I would definitely go into pediatrics. I also realized that I really loved working in a third world country. I think up until that point I had kind of a moderate complex. I thought I was going to die young of malaria or something, but it hadn't occurred to me really that I would enjoy being in the third world and working in places where you could be innovative and where people really needed you, where the young people; people who were being trained as nurses would be so eager to learn, and any time that you would spend with them, they would pick your brain about everything you knew, and I saw lots of people getting well. I also became aware of the need for Public Health. So during my Pediatric Internship and Residency at UCLA I found time to go to Mexico and then to Guatemala where I met Dr. Thomas Weller from the Harvard School of Public Health and I talked to him about career development and he persuaded me that I needed an MPH if I really wanted to work in Prevention which I certainly did by that point. So I went to the Harvard School of Public Health and then jumped into Third World work from there. Chris Vaniser: So where did you go then after Harvard? Davida Coady: I went first to Nigeria, only I was in the part that was then called Biafra. I was there obviously during the Nigerian civil war. I worked with a small relief agency run by Normal Cousins inside of Biafra and got out the night that the country collapsed. I was sent back to Nigeria on a Government assignment shortly thereafter as part of the relief efforts for what had been the former Biafran enclave and it was there I got really acquainted with Bill Foege and Stan Foster and people who became my heroes, my mentors, my gurus; and I became so interested in smallpox campaign. I then went to work at the Peace Corps, first as their Acting Medical Director and then as a Health Programmer and it was during that time that I met D.A. Henderson and he became one of my big heroes in life and I was involved in the Peace Corps involvement in smallpox at that point. Then later on I left the Peace Corps, I went to UCLA to teach and I went to Bangladesh after their revolution and was working there when I ran into Dr. Henderson in the airport in Dhaka. Actually he was getting off a plane and I was getting on a plane. He said "Hey Bill Foege is in India and he is looking for people to work on smallpox on three-month assignments;" and I said "Oh wow, I am interested!" and the next day I got a telegram from Bill Foege asking me to come to Delhi and talk about it which I did and - Chris Vaniser: Where were you based with at the time? You were with the Peace Corps at that time? Davida Coady: No, I was still - I had gone to UCLA at that point to be an academic, but I am not an academic, I don't like it. I like teaching, but I didn't like the rest of it, and by that time I was a part time academic, but mainly working on my own. For years then I taught one or two Quarters a year at UCLA and did international work the rest of the time. Chris Vaniser: So you got this telegram from Bill Foege asking you to come and talk to him in Delhi? Davida Coady: In Delhi-and I was actually on my way home and I did; and I arranged to go back a few weeks later. I was getting married at that point and my husband - I thought it would be much easier to work out in the Boonies in India with a partner, and he was interested and we went back to India; Bill sent us to Gorakhpur. So I was the first woman field epidemiologist and there were a number who followed me. They were watching me very closely and - you know, it was a real highlight of my life, it was just such a wonderful thing to be part of. I've been part of lots of different Public Health initiatives of one kind or another, but this was something that was so clear that you could see the results. So we put a 1000 miles a week on our Land Rover, a lot of it on dirt roads going around to the villages in India and many villages there, in those Northern districts of the Uttar Pradesh, they had never seen a white woman. In fact they had really never had any women visitors and all kind of rumors would go around the villages about who I was. The one I liked best was that occasionally the rumor would go round that I was Indira Gandhi and so I - that was kind of fun; and I would tell them that I was not, but I - Chris Vaniser: How long did you go over for? What was your - ? Davida Coady: I think we were there for a three month assignment and then we were extended for several months after that and then we went back to Los Angeles for a couple of months, and then went back for a second assignment, and the second assignment was in West Bengal. I had asked particularly to go to Calcutta, I love Calcutta, and so we were based in Calcutta in charge of the four districts to the North and the East, East - No I am sorry, it was actually the North and the West of Calcutta and then when Calcutta - when West Bengal was free of smallpox we were transferred to Bangladesh. Chris Vaniser: Going back to Gorakhpur again, which was your first assignment in India and your first smallpox assignment, can you tell me a little bit about your team that you worked with? Davida Coady: We had an Indian doctor, Dr. Rao[inaudible name0:10:14], who was from South India who worked with us, and he kind of took two of the districts and I took two of the districts. We had a wonderful paramedical assistant and a driver who we became very close to; and we went touring around the countryside. I think one of the things that I did was I realized that the people working on it in the villages, the doctors, the health workers; they had no idea when I got there that this was part of an international effort. So I managed to get a map of the State of Uttar Pradesh, and another map of India, and another map of the world. These were not easy to come by in Gorakhpur, but I got them. Now we would take them around to the districts and we'd go through and I'd show them what they were part of, and hundreds of people would gather around and listen to this and they would get so excited and then when I'd go back weeks later or months later, they'd say what is happening now in Ethiopia. Are we going to beat Bihar, are we gong to beat Bangladesh or are we going to beat Ethiopia in eradicating smallpox; and they'd get so excited and the quality of work would improve tremendously. Chris Vaniser: How were you received as a Caucasian woman working in that area of India, which I am sure that most of the physicians you were dealing with, I assume, were male? Davida Coady: Right. Chris Vaniser: At least most of the other people. Davida Coady: I think fairly well-very well in fact. I think in India there were no problems really. You know, I dressed appropriately and all, and got my legs covered and all those things, and in Bangladesh it was a little harder. If I went somewhere without my husband, people would say well bring your husband next time, and they didn't my traveling without him, and we'd often split up and did different parts of the work. But in India there was none of that. There was a village character in one of the villages who wrote a song about me and evidently the chorus - he was a man suffering from tertiary syphilis and was quite crazy - the chorus was translated to me saying: "Dr. and Mrs. Coady is a wonderful doctor, she's the best doctor in the whole world because she carries herself like a doctor and she acts like a doctor." So I thought that was very, very nice. Chris Vaniser: Very nice-Yeah respectful. Did you have any special challenges or events that happened when you were in that Northern part of India that kind of stand out as very memorable events during the smallpox? Davida Coady: Just that it was terribly, terribly hot. We were there in the pre-monsoon season and I don't remember anything really frightening. Our driver and medical assistant, and many other people were very kind of cautious when we first got there and they - the person before us had made an error in trying to vaccinate a woman - this is a male epidemiologist - without her permission and the villagers had come very close to throwing him down the well. So they told me, they lectured me, but after about a week they said, "It is fine. We know you are not going to cause any problems like that." But that always made me just a little bit wary. One thing we noticed was a - my having worked in Africa before where people loved to get immunizations and loved to get vaccinated; was that the Indians, they wanted some conversation before they were vaccinated. They wanted an explanation and their views of the goddess and her role in all this varied really from village to village, and sometimes - in one village they wanted us to come back next Tuesday because that's what the goddess wanted us to do instead of vaccinating people then. I think we finally agreed to do that, it was just easier, but many times they would say, "No, the goddess doesn't want us vaccinated;" and we'd sit down and go through all the explanations and just at the point when we were convinced they were never going to let us vaccinate anyone, they'd say, okay now we understand that it's a disease and it's not a goddess and please vaccinate us." I remember one elderly man, he said, "No, I don't want to be vaccinated because I'm getting ready to go to God;" and my husband looked him right in the eye and said, "I really think God would like you better vaccinated;" and I was just thinking "Oh my!" And the man said "Oh, alright fine," and he said, "Please, please vaccinate me." So a lot of it was just listening and realizing that nothing worked fast in India. Chris Vaniser: Now did you speak Hindi or did you have a translator with you? Davida Coady: We had a translator. Our paramedical assistant was our translator. I learnt a little bit of Hindi and just enough to get around, just a little to ask where ask directions and where people were, and of course the word for smallpox was Bashanto[0:16:56] which is also the word for springtime; and I relied a little bit less on my Hindi after one of our fellow epidemiologists, a man from France whose name I forget; he got very good at Hindi, but he spent a long time, he had a sprained ankle at the time, walking to a village looking for - he'd asked if there was any Bashanto and everybody said: yes, yes. "Where is the person with smallpox?" And after he walked a long, long distance he finally found this man out on the field. It turned out that the man's name was Bashanto. So I was [crosstalk0:17:57] Chris Vaniser: A little bit more [crosstalk 0:17:56] after that about your Hindi. Was your husband a physician as well, or in the health field? Davida Coady: No, my husband at that time was not, he was not a - Chris Vaniser: But he was - he sounds like part of the team? Davida Coady: Yeah, he helped. Chris Vaniser: In terms of going out and- Davida Coady: He liked to write and he was collecting information and stories. Chris Vaniser: Interesting. So then it sounds like soon after that you went to Calcutta? Was that the same trip? Davida Coady: Right, we came back to the United States for a couple of months and then we went back and went to Calcutta. Chris Vaniser: How did that differ from Gorakhpur? Davida Coady: Well, we were in the city and Bengal was much more sophisticated, and there was much less smallpox. I saw hundreds and hundreds of cases of smallpox in Uttar Pradesh and many, many ...[inaudible0:18:58]. We were doing the last of it and the reward was being offered by that time and the amount of the reward was going up, and we went around to different groups asking them to help us. One of the interesting things was, we went to see Mother Teresa to see if she would have her nuns help us in looking for and reporting any smallpox; and Mother Teresa like she always did - I went back and worked for her later actually - she turned it around on us and she got us to agree to bring our staff on our day off and vaccinate everybody in her feeding lines; and our driver and our paramedical assistant were just so thrilled to meet her and to be part of that, they took their day off too, and we did that, so that was kind of fun. Chris Vaniser: Did she also agree to have her nuns help with identifying any cases and reporting them? Davida Coady: Yes, yes they did. I can remember that they did. But then in those times we spent a lot of our time with people coming to us, being brought to us with everything from scabies to chicken pox to hives, with people trying to tell us it was smallpox and they wanted the reward. So I spent an awful lot of my time saying no that was not smallpox; and it was interesting, one man particularly who came to us; and I still have his little advertisement. He was an Ayurvedic Doctor of some kind and he had a little advertisement which I have still, with a picture that he'd drawn of somebody with smallpox and he introduced himself as a specialist in smallpox from a part of our district, North of Calcutta, and he had a man whose scabs were just falling off, or just forming I guess; and we said, "Why didn't you bring him sooner," and he said, "Because he just ran out of money," and we said, "Well, explain this." He said, "You see I charge people when they come with the fever, I charge them and they pay, I have a medicine to make the rash break out, I have a medicine to make the macules..." - He knew the terms - "...the macules form into papules, and the papules form into pustules, and then for the scabs to form, and then for the scabs to fall off and for the scars to go away. They come back and I sell them each of these medicines. But he has run out of money, so I came to get the reward." Then we talked with him further and he was able to tell us every case of smallpox, maybe then 25, 30 cases in that district, in that outbreak over the past two or three months, and he was able to tell us everyone of them and who got it from who and it corresponded exactly to the reports that we had gotten from the health workers. So he knew the whole thing. Chris Vaniser: But of course, he didn't have the vaccine. He was missing that part he had medicine to make - Davida Coady: He had no interest in the vaccine. Chris Vaniser: That's right; it destroyed his business I guess. Davida Coady: Right. Chris Vaniser: How did you find the conditions? Davida Coady: They were difficult. Gorakhpur: it was hard to eat; we ate at the hotel where we stayed which was - and then later we found a Chinese restaurant, but we didn't find that for about a month, and we ate at the hotel and everything was so terribly, terribly hot. I am used to hot food, but this was really, really hot. So we would just try things. Of course, we couldn't read the menu so we would point to things on other people's plates and they would get those for us, and it was challenging, but we were young. Life was easier in Calcutta, there was indoor plumbing and - Chris Vaniser: When you traveled up in Gorakhpur, were you out overnight sometimes in the neighboring districts? Davida Coady: No, we were always able to get back when we were in Gorakhpur. In Calcutta we did, we had these four districts; we'd stay in the districts, we found places to stay. In Gorakhpur we never - [crosstalk 0:24:17]. Chris Vaniser: It was always maybe a long day trip, but you would always get back. How about any problems with getting safe food, safe water? Davida Coady: We would find that we'd buy bottled water and Coca Cola, and I think there was one time when we bought some cokes and it was adulterated and we all got very sick. Chris Vaniser: Any other events that stand out from your time in India? Now you came back to the States before going back to Calcutta and then [crosstalk0:25:01] from Bangladesh also? Davida Coady: Then we went directly from Calcutta to Bangladesh. I know it was before Christmas because we spent Christmas in Bangladesh. Chris Vaniser: Then, how was that in comparison to India? Davida Coady: It was very different. In Bangladesh they didn't have the structure. In India they had the structure, these Health Centers and there was always somebody who was in charge that you could work with and some of them were wonderful and some of them were not at all interested; but at least there was a structure. In Bangladesh we were in the North in Saidpur, which is a larger Bihari City and which was good because they spoke Urdu which I could understand; I never really got hold of the Bengali language at all, and the Urdu I could understand from the Hindi that I knew. There was no structure, we just had to do the work and hire the vaccinators and find the epidemics and it was much harder and you had the feeling that you weren't teaching that much. You were just trying to get the cases and get the work done. Chris Vaniser: When you say you had do the work, it was actually you and your team that was more - not the Bengalis that were there as counterparts? Davida Coady: Right. We didn't really have counterparts, we had vaccinators that we trained and hired to work for us. Chris Vaniser: What year was that, when you were in Bangladesh? Davida Coady: That would have been '75; in late December '74 and then into '75. Chris Vaniser: So I guess - it sounds like you also had just an incredible time as part of the Smallpox Program and you had brought to it lot of experience, international experience, specially from Africa and other places, Guatemala and other international locations that you had worked in. How did the smallpox experience affect your future career and your involvement in Public Health? Davida Coady: I became very, very convinced that the idea of eradicating infectious diseases was very doable and feasible and helpful and everything right about it; and I have been very disappointed that other diseases have not been eradicated. I thought surely the lessons would be learned. We had this wonderful seminar this morning that I thought surely guinea worm and polio and measles and some of the others would be gone by now with the lessons we learned, and I think people made such valiant efforts to promote the principles. Dr. Henderson and Dr. Foege, Dr. Foster; and all of them; they had such a wonderful plan to really use all these principles to eradicate other diseases and it's been very disappointing that there wasn't the political will and the finances - the political will to do it. Chris Vaniser: [cosstalk0:29:05] the difference perhaps? Davida Coady: Yeah; and I think the idea that an international effort like that could work, has kept me going through some hard times and some of the battles I fought are harder than that and you have more foes, there weren't too many people against smallpox eradication. There were a few people who made money off smallpox. I remember one very overweight politician in India railing at me one day, when we drove up with the smallpox vaccines - with the smallpox van; and he said then: Why don't we foreigners and smallpox people go home and let our people die of smallpox before they starve to death from overpopulation; and this man was fat and he was eating a plate of food, and he was one of the few people I ever met that said: eradication of smallpox is not a good thing to do. It just seemed so clear; one of the battles that I fight today in my hometown in Berkeley, is we are fighting the tobacco industry very hard and the pharmaceutical industry and the illegal drug industry; and I work in the addiction field now and you have these giants, the Alcoholic Beverage Industry and the Tobacco Industry, and all the rest, are such hard foes that I look longingly at the time when I was fighting smallpox which didn't have those big interests against you. Chris Vaniser: [crosstalk 0:31:01] with lots of money to - Davida Coady: But it has given me - I had training in epidemiology, but the smallpox work gave me the field experience to see what epidemiology could really do, and it of course greatly influenced my teaching at UCLA - but really the way I look at everything. I am in the addiction field now because I looked around my own community with the tools I learned as an epidemiologist and said: The biggest cause of homelessness and crime and misery and violence and child abuse in my community is the substance abuse, which is not being treated. So that's why I made that decision. Chris Vaniser: That's a pretty big decision to have ended up - it sounds like you had spent time in international health and trained as a pediatrician. Correct? Davida Coady: Right. Chris Vaniser: And now you are working in smoking and addiction control because of lessons learned through the smallpox eradication. Davida Coady: Right. Chris Vaniser: Well, thank you very much again for sharing your stories. This sounds like it must have just been - again an incredible experience. Davida Coady: It was a peak experience; it is something that I just wouldn't trade for anything. I am just so happy I was part of that. Chris Vaniser: And it sounds like you made quite a few friends along the way that are legends in their own right in the area of Public Health and - Davida Coady: I did. Chris Vaniser: Not just smallpox, but Public Health in general. Davida Coady: Right; and I just loved India and Bangladesh, but particularly India. I loved working there. I loved the people. I love to look now at pictures of Indians and see that nobody under 30 has got smallpox scars. That just chokes me up. Chris Vaniser: There's nothing else that you can really say that of-that has been so eradicated and know that you had a part in all of that. It was just a huge accomplishment. Thank you again. Davida Coady: Thank you. [End of audio - 0:33:21] </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZazTD1mKMlY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MONTGOMERY LABORATORY STAFF Description An account of the resource Poliovirus laboratory group at U.S. Public Health Services Communicable Disease Center in Montgomery, Alabama, after just discovering that the Brunhilde type of poliovirus could be grown in mice. Shown, left to right, are: Mrs. Anna Hall, C.P. Li, (Chief of the Special Projects Unit), Mrs. Auborn Hall, Morris Schaeffer (medical director in charge of the Virus & Rickettsia Laboratory) Mrs. Johnnie Johnson, and Miss Ann Beasley. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Communicable Disease Center Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1953 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PHIL Photograph https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/dd9c52275abc93a57d40692cf963cf59.png 91486c9bcbeaccfdd16bbe4114158f73 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OohzIDR8Zwg&amp;list=PL9IJKWo9nRDurUjN3ZvWkFegMxKLmfR-N&amp;index=68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource World Forum on Syphilis Description An account of the resource Footage of 9/4-8/62 forum with narration by Ray More on the World Forum attended by 1,5000 delegates from more than 40 nations. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Communicable Disease Center Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Part of the David J. Sencer CDC Museum Collection at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/4-8/62 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017 510 48 David J. Sencer CDC Museum American Social Health Association American Venereal Disease Association contact tracing eradication gonorrhea host International Union agianist Venereal Diseases investigator Ray More serology Smallpox social behavior syphilis treatment treponmatosises United States Public Health Service World Health Organization https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/461b5388c1965560c543edd03175e9bd.pdf c211ccde79b2972df16baa1733a339fa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Documents Government Records Keywords smallpox, West Africa, Ped-O-Jet, operation, maintenance, repair, guide, POJ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MANUAL – Ped-O-Jet (Draft) Description An account of the resource “Ped-O-Jet: Operation, Maintenance, and Minor Repair Guide, Model POJ,” the Seventh draft of a one hundred- and forty-one-page manual created for the West African Smallpox Eradication Program. Includes black and white images with text to educate public health officials on the use of the Ped-O-Jet. Produced by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Center. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Communicable Disease Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-1966 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017.050.18 David J. Sencer CDC Museum https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/4ff0bd2e2873666492863ad78b649af6.pdf 8bd1ce0344109c1bee82bde2f1b796ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Documents Government Records Keywords smallpox, measles, Nigeria, eradication immunization, program Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource FORM – Job Description Nigeria Description An account of the resource “Smallpox/Measles Program, Western Region/Nigeria: Operations Officer Job Description,” a single page job description for the position of "Operations Officer" outlined with an introductory, supervision, guidance and a duties and responsibilities section. Position for the Smallpox Measles Program in the Western Region of Nigeria offered by the Communicable Disease Center. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Communicable Disease Center Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived CDC Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2007.013.84 David J. Sencer CDC Museum https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/2886bb09c93d750dc2524736bf57ad68.jpg f3d0f5e293bbcb9157692a56bb72181a Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 1206 IPTC Array a:4:{s:7:"caption";s:962:"1973 Dr. Mae Melvin Magnified 125X, this photomicrograph revealed the presence of three Guinea worms, <i>Dracunculiasis medinensis</i>. See PHIL 8209 through 8235 for images captured in Ghana documenting the ravages of this nematode, and the link below diagramming this parasite’s lifecycle.<p>Clinical Features:<p></b> The clinical manifestations are localized but incapacitating. The worm emerges as a whitish filament (duration of emergence: 1 to 3 weeks) in the center of a painful ulcer, accompanied by inflammation and frequently by secondary bacterial infection.<b> <b>Laboratory Diagnosis:</b><p>The clinical presentation of dracunculiasis is so typical, and well known to the local population, that it does not need laboratory confirmation. In addition, the disease occurs in areas where such confirmation is unlikely to be available. Examination of the fluid discharged by the worm can show rhabditiform larvae. No serologic test is available.";s:14:"caption_writer";s:5:"P74-3";s:12:"byline_title";s:14:"CD_182_EG/ 069";s:16:"copyright_notice";s:128:"http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDX/HTML/Dracunculiasis.htm CDC- Div. of Parasitic Diseases:Guinea Worm, <i>Dracunculiasis medinensis</i";} IPTC String caption:1973 Dr. Mae Melvin Magnified 125X, this photomicrograph revealed the presence of three Guinea worms, <i>Dracunculiasis medinensis</i>. See PHIL 8209 through 8235 for images captured in Ghana documenting the ravages of this nematode, and the link below diagramming this parasite’s lifecycle.<p>Clinical Features:<p></b> The clinical manifestations are localized but incapacitating. The worm emerges as a whitish filament (duration of emergence: 1 to 3 weeks) in the center of a painful ulcer, accompanied by inflammation and frequently by secondary bacterial infection.<b> <b>Laboratory Diagnosis:</b><p>The clinical presentation of dracunculiasis is so typical, and well known to the local population, that it does not need laboratory confirmation. In addition, the disease occurs in areas where such confirmation is unlikely to be available. Examination of the fluid discharged by the worm can show rhabditiform larvae. No serologic test is available. caption_writer:P74-3 byline_title:CD_182_EG/ 069 copyright_notice:http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDX/HTML/Dracunculiasis.htm CDC- Div. of Parasitic Diseases:Guinea Worm, <i>Dracunculiasis medinensis</i Width 1813 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PHOTOMICROGRAPH Description An account of the resource A color photograph of three Guinea worms, or Dracunculiasis medinensis, magnified 125X. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information Health Programs, 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/M. Melvin https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/bfbe148ec5a8f9114dc9ce7d22456eec.jpg 7dec9dc3d17ca2eb692ba08dca8c1f28 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 476 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CONTAINMENT CENTER – Nigeria Description An account of the resource TA color photograph of the Guinea Worm Containment Centre, which provided medical care for people affected by Guinea worm disease in the village of Ogi, Nigeria. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/362cd3f3d84a5b390e584c6adacd7b7d.jpg dc16c7b968c0a2033dea2a371ffe6a99 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 475 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PIPE FILTERS – Sudan Description An account of the resource A color photograph of children using pipe filter individual filtration devices to drink from a local water source in Southern Sudan. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/E. Staub https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/2c3847a25ba2cebf532fd04325e49817.jpg cef3b3dc7aad116dea653da4531eef4b Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 476 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource FILTERING WATER – Nigeria Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a woman filtering drinking water in the village of Ogi, Nigeria. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/E. Staub https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/cb9b144182af7d6a4c06344d72b1838a.jpg 5b3e6772480dd76ef7a26107401b998b Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 476 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GATHERING WATER – Nigeria Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a woman gathering drinking water from a local pond in Nigeria. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/E. Staub https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/7033b1392b2cf244198fdd7b3380bdc4.jpg 1ef0959359e942aff5855c6ad21a89c8 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 476 Width 720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guinea Worm Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Guinea worm is poised to be the second human disease to be eradicated. The Carter Center, with partners like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, began leading the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease in 1986. That year, it was estimated that 3.5 million cases occurred annually in 21 countries in Africa and Asia. Guinea worm disease is a painful and debilitating parasite that is contracted by drinking Guinea worm infected-water. There is no vaccine or drug to prevent the disease, only behavior change through health education. Working with the ministries of health and impacted communities, Guinea worm disease has been reduced by more than 99 percent. <span>During 2020, only 12 human cases of Guinea worm disease were reported in Chad, a dramatic 75 percent reduction from 48 the previous year. Eleven cases were reported in Ethiopia, and one each in South Sudan, Angola, Mali, and Cameroon. As for Guinea worm infections in animals, Chad reported 1,570 (1,507 domestic dogs, 61 domestic cats, and two wild cats), Ethiopia reported 15 (eight domestic dogs, three domestic cats, four baboons), and Mali reported eight infected domestic dogs. </span>The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used. .</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource REMOVAL – Nigeria Description An account of the resource A color photograph of a village volunteer inspecting the length of a Guinea worm emerging from a man’s calf in the village of Ogi, Nigeria. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Carter Center Office of Public Information, Health Programs 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Credit: The Carter Center/E. Staub