111 12 2286 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/1e136404acd3dcb9609a108e9bfbf299.jpg 71b5a0e319b543dcd3847df0c6719dad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 968 Title A name given to the resource MICROGRAPH OF CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS Description An account of the resource This photomicrograph reveals some of the histopathology of a section of gallbladder tissue in a case of cryptosporidiosis. You’re able to see numbers of Cryptosporidium sp. parasitic organisms lining the luminal surface of the epithelial cells. In this particular case, this patient had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CDC/ Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Public Health Image Library https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/96b32bbc6134c42f217a7fe72806af23.jpg fb0a0c2fa693ac3f68a2ae65d9859bf5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 977 Title A name given to the resource MICROGRAPH OF MICROCOCCUS MUCILAGINOSIS Description An account of the resource Magnified 320X, this photomicrograph revealed the presence of many Gram-positive Micrococcus mucilaginosis bacteria. Commensal bacteria, Micrococcus spp. are normally found on the skin surface of humans, and can become the etiologic pathogens in the case of opportunistic infections involving immunocompromised individuals, which includes those with AIDS, or undergoing chemotherapeutic treatments. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CDC/ Dr. Richard Facklam Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Public Health Image Library https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/ad35b4c7442a618cb9fcdd4742ee718b.JPG c9c7cde6266764668f04b513f173cdff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) :24:00 Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xBt4SnrZR_s" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MICROSCOPIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN MALARIA Description An account of the resource Microscopical Diagnosis of Human Malaria Training Film Malaria parasite Identification Color TRT 24:00 Produced by the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas, Atlanta, Georgia Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived U. S. National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, Images and Archives Section at the National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 www.collections.nlm.nih.gov Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2011.243.mp4 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/d6d3a62d4db297a5328856bea3aa83e1.jpg 9a2ff61cceb78a2a64ccf224e43bfd63 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 1248 Width 1863 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Photographs A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource photographs digital images still image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-1970 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15c42 emory:15c42 Subject The topic of the resource CDC Smallpox Eradication USAID WHO Transport Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 467489 bytes image/jpeg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Henderson, Rafe and Ilze (Photographer); CDC Title A name given to the resource MIKE LANE – Nigeria Description An account of the resource A color photograph of Mike Lane, from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Headquarters in Atlanta, and a truck in Nigeria. Language A language of the resource No Linguistic Content https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/e06ee789b56ec70d2929c3239796b129.jpg 12d6c00d1ea77ebb7d729b86916fc2ed https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/6f3f3e47e19368402b967d3c07d4e99b.pdf 3526b1108f5d8aefe1aa582a8218648b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Malaria Control: CDC Beginnings Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>In 1942, when the U.S. was mobilizing for the Second World War, the U. S. Public Health Service set up a program to protect the personnel of military bases in the Southeastern states from malaria. This disease had long been rampant in the area, and posed serious threats to the health of the military and civilian populations. The program known as Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) was created to carry out the work. The lack of space in Washington due to the war effort allowed the program to base its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and closer to the work at hand. During the war years, the program was expanded to include the control of other communicable diseases. Because its work was so successful, a new organization was created around the nucleus of MCWA, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC). The date was July 1, 1946. This archive chronicles the agency’s early history from 1941-1951, including the contributions of local businessmen and Emory University. The buttons to the right will connect you to a searchable database of documents, oral histories, photographs and media. To conduct an advanced search, use the link in the blue navigation bar above. Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used.</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:04:26 Player html for embedded player to stream video content <div style="padding:100% 0 0 0;width:100%;"><iframe style="width:100%;height:1500px;" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132676?embed=true" frameborder="0"></iframe></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MILLAR, DON AND JOAN Description An account of the resource Dr. J. Donald Millar and his wife Joan relate their personal experiences and memories of the early history and personalities that helped CDC to evolve from Malaria Control in War Areas to the organization it is today. Interviewed by Karen Torghele Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 22, 2012 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MillarDon_120522 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/7fd81924c30964a787e6bed8b66617b0.JPG 5a7783457976dbf3b091279eb1959fc2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ftzb1NrfjWo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource presentations (communicative events) motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-07-15 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15mvp emory:15mvp Subject The topic of the resource USAID Reunion CDC WHO Smallpox Eradication Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 4130640000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Millar, Don (Speaker); CDC Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Reunion of West and Central Africa Smallpox workers (2006 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource MILLAR: SMALLPOX PROGRAM HISTORY Description An account of the resource Dr. J. Donald Millar was the Director of the Smallpox Eradication Program at CDC from 1966 to 1969. His talk gives a broad look at the history of the program, its management and accomplishments. Introduced by Dr. Stanley Foster. Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/554b1c2f0ee5eff5338fff4e1bee6b0e.JPG e98ccf36379ab3298fa23870398fe8ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=2016_500_20.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MILLER, BESS Description An account of the resource Bess Miller began her CDC career as an Epidemic Intelligence Service [EIS] Officer from 1981 to 1983. She was one of the earliest members of the task force that CDC established following the June 1981 publication of the first Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [MMWR] on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual men. She led one of the seminal early AIDS [acquired immune deficiency syndrome] investigations, a study to establish whether the syndrome of unexplained generalized lymphadenopathy in homosexual men was new and epidemiologically related to AIDS. Her subsequent CDC work focused on domestic and international tuberculosis and HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] control for nearly three decades. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 9, 2016 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Interviewed by Dr. Mary Chamberland Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant youtube https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/0b04231d71573744a07e9e47539c1ab0.jpg 945c0de74ac261748c287257bac0142d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MILLER, JAY Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <br /><iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=2022_800_006_Miller_Jay.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MILLER, JAY Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/998f6c3cf8f0e2ef6794b8c7c2ad4a47.jpg 6545df72202a1f2451100198c89832ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MILLER, MAUREEN Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player html for embedded player to stream video content <br /><iframe width="100%" height="100%" id="iframe" name="viewer" src="https://globalhealthchronicles.org/ohms-viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=2022_800_008_Miller_Maureen.xml" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MILLER, MAUREEN Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant soundcloud https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/1b69668fd433228d7257c8f5d9a17d22.jpg 4f42519dab2c70d3d3646f95bd737664 https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/2721a24d7815c916703b202fa7a95885.pdf 2b23c7214e5cad978f34e1027ba3b779 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound. <pre><strong> Interview Transcript </strong> INTERVIEW Audio File: Tim Miner Audio File Transcribed: January 28, 2009 Interviewer: My name is Ted Tolavoil. I'm a senior undergraduate at Emory University. We are at the CDC today interviewing Tim Miner and today's date is April 2nd, 2008 and the interviewee has given permission for this taping. First of all Tim if I could have you introduce yourself. Who are you and tell me a little bit about your background? Interviewee: Okay. My name is Howard Gordon Miner but I go by the nickname Tim and I've had that nickname from birth because when I was born there were already two other Howards in the family and they needed something to differentiate me from the rest of the Howards so I got the moniker Tim. I grew up in Detroit Michigan and left in nineteen seventy. I taught for a couple of years in the inner city in Detroit. I went to Swaziland in the peace corps in nineteen seventy and I'd just like to say [Foreign Dialect] which is Siswati for I'm very happy to see you now. So, I do recall some of the languages that I picked up along the way. I taught in Swaziland for a year until I discovered that we were taking jobs away from unemployed Swazi teachers so I mentioned to my peace corps director at the time I would like to go and do something else. I wasn't real enamored with teaching anyway and I certainly didn't want to un-employ a Swazi teacher. So because I spoke French they sent me to Zaire with the smallpox eradication program but they almost sent me to Morocco as an agricultural photographer so I could be in a whole different career by now if had I not gone to Zaire. In Zaire the smallpox program was headed by Dr. Pierre Ziegler and when I landed in Kinshasa I went first to the peace corps office and signed in and did all the paperwork and met all the people. And then went over to the WHO office in Kinshasa and had this lengthy conversation in French with Dr. Ziegler and I realized that I really needed to get up to speed on my French rather quickly. And so I did and he showed me how to give an immunization and he had a clinic there once a week. So there was a lady that came in and you know you have the bifurcated needle and you take the arm and kind of squeeze the flesh and rest your wrist on the arm and you just jab it a couple of times. So he said, "Why are you doing that? Tell me exactly what you're doing so that I know that you understand what I told you." So, I'm giving her the immunization and you're supposed to just prick the skin a little bit until there is a trace of blood. Well for those who speak French, the word for blood and the word for monkeys sound about the same. So as I was explaining what I was doing I said, "You just prick the skin until you see a trace monkeys." And everybody just broke out laughing because they couldn't understand why and the lady wondered what kind of vaccination I was giving here that she'd get a trace of monkeys on her skin. So, that was my introduction to the immunization program there. I went to my field station which was then in northern Shaba, ex- Katanga Province and there was another peace corps volunteer there, Ken Bloom. And so we did a [inaudible 03.39] in the field first and then came back and then he left and left me there but I'm getting a little bit ahead of myself. While I was in Kinshasa with Dr. Ziegler he said, "All right you're peace corps volunteer but we don't want you to conduct yourself as a volunteer, tell anybody that you're a volunteer or live like a volunteer." I don't know what his preconceptions of volunteers were but I listened intently. And he said, "To make sure you don't live like a volunteer we're going to supplement your $75 a month income from the peace corps with an additional $400 from WHO." I said, "Works for me," so went out there in the field and took my station. I had three Land Rovers, an office, a furnished two bedroom apartment and a staff of four. So I was the [inaudible 04.35] to keep the team leader of a epidemiological investigation team and we were in the field about twenty eight days a month, back at the home base only two days a month because I like to travel and be in the field and there wasn't a lot to do at home base. And my African staff liked to be gone more so that they could be making money and they wouldn't be home spending it and having relatives come around and so and so forth as it was explained to me. So we were in town maybe two days to file a report and I had a two way radio so I could talk to Kinshasa. And there was Mr. Ali an Egyptian that ran the radio and I was talking to him and I said needed this piece of equipment to repair a Land Rover. And he said, "But what is it?" And I said, "Well I know what it is in French." I'd been so immersed in French I forgot, even though I grew up in Detroit, what this particular part was. And so I said, "Well I'll tell you in French and if you know what it is, you tell me what it is in English because I forgotten." So, he did that and we got the parts and went on. I was in Zaire at a particularly historical moment when Mobutu Sese Seko wa za Banga, the president of Zaire at the time was just initiating his authenticité campaign. So he renamed the Congo River the Zaire River, renamed the country Zaire, renamed the currency Zaire and told all Zairewa's, all citizens that they had to change their names from Christian names to African names. So I talked to my team and I said well - after I learned all their names I said, "Well you're going to have to tell me what you're African name is and then tell me whether you - how you want me to address you." And so that worked out fine. That wasn't a problem. When it came time for me to leave, when I went to Zaire I had to give another year to peace corps. Normally it's two years but since I had done one in Swaziland I went to Zaire for two years and part of the way through that I got home leave and I went to Geneva. And on a Sunday afternoon I went to the WHO headquarters and walked into D. A. Henderson's office and he was there on a Sunday afternoon. And I said, "Well D.A. I'd like - you know I've done this work in Zaire, I'd like to have a job. I'm going to be leaving the peace corps, I'd like to have a job with WHO if you think that's possible in another country." And he said, "Well, I'll look into it." Four weeks later I got back to Kinshasa and I was offered a job with WHO in Bangladesh but I had to go back to my post and turn over all the operations to the African staff at the time which I enjoyed doing because they were certainly capable of doing everything that I did. And it became a philosophy of mine in working in a host country to always whenever possible to have a host country counterpart working with me. And try to - I would try to build as much infrastructure or leave more than what I came with and that has been one of my standards that I've had. So I left the post, went to Kinshasa to visit peace corps and I couldn't find the office. The office had changed locations. So I found the office, walked into the office and they weren't the same people that were there. So I said - introduced who I was and said I'm ready to check out and that time John McEnany who I think also has done some work in smallpox was there and he said, "Oh yes, Tim Miner. I think I've seen your name somewhere. Where have you been? You've been gone for about two years." So all the staff, the office, everything had changed, all the people so we signed out of there and I headed off to Zaire via Nairobi - to Bangladesh via Nairobi. In Bangladesh, let me see, I - let me back up a little bit and tell you a brief story in Zaire about an immunization campaign. We used (pedajets) but we also used the bifurcated needles. Because the city of Kalemie on Lake Tanganyika was bordered on a rebel occupied area and we had some reports of smallpox in there but we really couldn't go into that area to investigate, what we decided to do, Ken Bloom and I was to hold a mass immunization campaign in that town or a little bit outside of town with the hopes that the people from that area would come in and be immunized. So that was my first mass vaccination campaign and we called Kinshasa and had them send us immunization certificates and some additional (pedajets) and vaccines and things and we held a mass campaign and that was really exciting because we had - the local person said everybody should come and you will get a certificate and they may be checking people to make sure that they had a certificate, that they had an immunization. So we had large crowds of people and we had to spread this out over about ten days to get everybody vaccinated but that was - that was a pretty exciting thing. And there's another city we visited on Lake Tanganyika and it was a mission there and I tried to stay at the missions because they had the best food, the best accommodations and a variety of beverages and the best conversation that was available at that time and if I were to fall ill I'd been in pretty good hands because there's nurses nearby and so on. At this one mission there was a Belgian Father, actually he was a German Father and he tanned hides. So I said well can you make me some shoes because my store bought American shoes didn't last very long and were getting kind of threadbare. He said sure. So I had him make a pair of boots a year for me and that's about how long they lasted but there was also - he tanned some other hides. I bought, and this was before environmentalists and so on and so forth so I had an alligator hide, a python skin that was probably about thirty feet long and a puff adder. And I sent those home to the States where my nieces and nephews used them as show and tell in schools and they were a big hit. So I'm back in - headed for Bangladesh now and I'm in Nairobi, through Nairobi to New Delhi and got an orientation in New Delhi and then went to Bangladesh. When I arrived in Bangladesh Stan Foster was there, Stan Music was there, Neilton Arnt from - Stan Foster and Music are from CDC, Nielton was Brazilian with WHO. Nick Ward, Dr. Ward is a physician from U.K. and then there was myself and I was the youngest, only non physician and I was the only one that wasn't married. So guess where I ended up working in Bangladesh? The most remote river line areas of the country. I had Barisal, Patuakhali and Faridpur and there was a hospital ship that the Germans had donated to Bangladesh a couple of years before I arrived and Stan had arranged for a bunch of -- they were moped like or vespa like Honda -- motor scooters to be put on all over the deck. And he said, "I want you to get on that boat and go down there and eradicate smallpox from those three provinces down there. I said, "Is that all? Any other instructions?" And so I did, got on the boat, introduced myself to the captain and I was able to supplement the pay of the crew nominally, nominally for the extra expenses I incurred and what they did. And so we towed a speedboat. This was - this ship was probably forty five, fifty feet long and had a draught of about three feet, three/four feet. It was fairly shallow and I had a forward cabin. And we had our immunization team on there and we went down to Barisal first and docked and stayed at a mission there for a couple of days. Met with the chief medical officers and then went on down to Faridpur. I taught my self Bengali, smallpox Bengali and to this day when I speak with Bengalis I meet in Atlanta and elsewhere I've been informed that I speak sort of like a villager or a fisher person not like a university professor which is fine because those are the people with whom I communicated all the time and didn't have any problems doing that. I was able to conduct a smallpox investigation by using my Bengali. All right an interesting - our team was made up of myself and we had a combination of Muslim and Hindu staff on the team. Vaccinators and interpreters and there was a chief and so on and everybody got along fine and it was just a wonderful experience. We had a speedboat driver as well and so we would get down in the morning into the speedboat and go off and investigate the reports that we had. And one time we were coming back rather late at night and there was a full moon and we were in the Brahmaputra which is the main river in Bangladesh. Then the river line areas there are a lot of channels and we were out in the main river and we were going rather fast. And the next thing we knew we were out of the boat, head over heels in the river but we weren't in the water. We had hit was is called a mud flab and in a mud - when the - you have a mud flab in the water and you can't tell because the water is just barely over the mud and the mud in the dark or in the moonlight reflects - seems to be water. So we hit that and the motor went up and all of us were thrown out of the boat in the middle of the river on this mud flab, covered in mud and when we got - regained our senses we were just laughing hysterically at the absurdity of the situation. We put our stuff back in the boat and pushed off and got back to the speed boat. One particular investigation that stands out to me is I went to a village and the villagers - this young man and some other people took me to this brand new hut. I mean it was just brand new, it had just been built and they said the patient is in there. And they led me inside and on the mat on the floor -- there was no furniture or anything else, there was just this mat on the floor in the middle of the hut -- was a person under a cover, a cloth, completely covered. And I was prepared to take the cover off and examine and see if it's smallpox and they just - they took the whole cover off themselves and there was this young woman covered with smallpox from head to toe of the confluent. There wasn't a space on this person that there wasn't a pox and so I knew right away what it was and thanked them and stepped out. And this young man starts explaining to me that this is his new wife, his new bride. And I said, "Gosh I feel very badly about that. I know that vaccinators had been in this village before would you - how come she wasn't vaccinated?" Was she away or something?" He said, "No." He said, "I hid her from the vaccinators because I didn't want her to have a smallpox scar on her skin." I said, "Oh I see." And you can't be judgmental or demonstrable, demonstrative or emotional at times like that. You have to really kind of step back emotionally a little bit from that. So I said "Well what would you do differently?" He said, "Well, I'm looking for another wife and my next wife will be vaccinated." But what struck me was that it was preventable and here was this young person, a young woman in just the beginning of her life with so much in front of her to look forward to, to being a mother, a grandmother, a husband, a sister and so on. And her life ended in such a tragic way. So I had several of these reminders throughout Bangladesh. I might add also that while working in Zaire I hadn't actually seen a real case of smallpox. It had been eradicated but we were monitoring it at the time. So Bangladesh was the first time that I had seen live smallpox and... Interviewer: What was your first impression when you arrived in Bangladesh? Interviewee: Well, when I arrived in Bangladesh and the subcontinent, I was impressed by the density of population. I had never seen, apart from a market in Africa, I had never seen so many people. I once did an experiment driving on the road trying to count ten seconds, just one and two and - up to the number ten, looking out the side of my window to see if there was ever any space where there wasn't evidence of human beings being there. So the land was either occupied by a house or a structure of some kind or it was planted. That was it. There was no vacant land, no land in Bangladesh that was not touched by human hands. We also because of the density when I was there, we had confined a lot of the smallpox cases and isolated them and we were in the process of eradicating them when the government tore down the basties or the slums of Dhaka. Just went in with bulldozers and it acted as a centrifuge spinning out cases of smallpox all over the country reintroducing smallpox into areas that had recently been freed of the cases. So that - our numbers of cases went sky rocketing again so that it was little disheartening. Another time I was down in the river line areas and Stan Foster was up in Dhaka and I think I was at the furthest most remote place at the time on the ship and I got on the radio and talked to Stan. And what we were trained to do was to investigate the cases of smallpox and find out who had been visiting and what were there names and where did they go and where did they live and so on and so forth. So as a matter of routine I gave Stan this information about who this person was and the name and when they visited and so and so forth and not really expecting that you know all these millions and millions he's going to find him but he did. He went to the address and he asked for the person and he found the person and immunized the person and was able to prevent the next generation of smallpox from that person having visited there. So anything is possible. We lived with the people in the host country. I lived on the ship, I lived with Bengalis all the time, I rarely saw another European. There was some care people that I would meet on occasion but I learned the language and the culture and they embraced me and I embraced them figuratively and it just worked very well. And I can't imagine eradicating smallpox with a kind of a visit and come out and then visit and come out type of approach. It didn't occur to me to do it any other way other than to go to a respective country and live there and work there and learn about the people and the culture and the religion and so on. I worked for six months in the river line areas on the hospital ship and was fairly able to get smallpox under control there. And then I was transferred to the north, Jamalpur and went from a boat to a motorcycle and that's when I met after I'd been working up there getting things organized, I met Steven Jones. Dr. Jones was up there and Marty Litz and Peter Hargrove and these are people I met and known since then. And we had people come from CDC, a lot of consultants as well, short term consultants for three months or six month stints. And I was having breakfast with one of the fellows and it usually consists of a chapatti and some eggs or something like that. And he said, "Well how do you manage with all of these poor raggedy kids and poor people and people kind of on their last leg and they look very unhealthy." And I said, "Yes I never know when I walk past someone coming back in the afternoon whether they'll be alive or dead," and that has happened many times. And I said, "Well you know, it's not that I'm unsympathetic or that I don't care but I know well enough that I can do one of two things. I can either devote my life to trying to alleviate the pain and the suffering and feeding and clothing of less fortunate people or I can do my job and eradicate - working to eradicate smallpox and that will benefit them. At least they won't die of smallpox." Well since then I've learned that Bangladesh has done quite well economically. Many of the clothes that I buy today are made in Bangladesh that weren't made in Bangladesh at the time and I understand that they are doing much better than when I was there at the time. So that's heartening to know. Interviewer2: In the book that's been written about smallpox in India, the author postulates that the only reason that smallpox was eradicated was by compulsion. Interviewee: Yeah. Smallpox could not have been eradicated by compulsion. People all over the world cannot be coerced for long to do something that they don't want to do themselves, that they don't want to do willingly. And I relied on reason and understanding and cultural sensitivity when explaining the benefits of immunizations and if somebody that chose not to then so be it. I felt very disappointed because I knew the preventive benefits of that but nobody was ever forced. And I had people approach me afterwards as I was leaving and say, "Come we've decided we want you to do some immunizing." We also out of respect for a variety of cultures engaged female vaccinators and that worked very well and so that we were able to honor the customs of the country and have ladies vaccinate ladies and so I think we did much better that way. But in Zaire and in Bangladesh and in Somalia where I worked there was never any thought of coercing people. Governments may issue declarations that there's a smallpox vaccination day or you should immunized for smallpox and so on but even when we were doing the mass campaign and there were police officials organizing the lines of people, there was nobody - they were there voluntarily and they recognized the benefits of the immunization as opposed to having the disease. So that's an important point to clarify. And by way of this tape I want to thank all of the host country nationals that have kept me safe over the years and to this day when I travel overseas. They're very protective and solicitous and very good people to be working with and I did not eradicate smallpox. I worked with hundreds, hundreds or thousands of Bengalis and Zairewa's and Somalis to do that and so it is - it's to their credit. They're the ones that are responsible for our success because if you show sensitivity and you show honesty and a true spirit, they'll go with you anywhere, any time, day or night, seven days a week to carry out the work. So this is something that I want the people that will view this tape in the future to know. That this was truly a global effort of people all over the world coming together for this - for this one cause and I don't think there had - apart from World Wars and even in World Wars there wasn't all the countries coming together. Some were in conflict but in this particular case to achieve the eradication of smallpox it's the first time in human history that a disease has been eradicated by human beings. That human beings have rid themselves of this pest that goes back to recorded history. And so I really would like to see something like that happen again because it's - they were really heady days and really wonderful, wonderful things to experience. After I finished in the northern in Bangladesh in the motorcycle, last six months I came down to Dhaka to be the finance officer and we had as many as seventy five or a hundred short term volunteers in Bangladesh at one time and everybody had to have money and everybody had to have a system of accounting for it. So based on my year and a half and handling and accounting of money I developed a spreadsheet. Now, we call it a spreadsheet but we didn't have Excel at that time. You had to draw something by hand and then had people look at it and review it and then it went to the printer and then they sent you a proof and then you looked at that to make sure it was all right because they were going to print a million copies of it so it better be right. And so I developed this spreadsheet about yea big and people would put a carbon paper. That's a - not too many people know what that is but anyway it allows you to write down one side of the paper and it will come through on the next page. So that's what we used and I was in charge of training the volunteers, the short term consultants that come in to account for this system. Very simple system. You get a receipt, make sure it has the date, write down what it was and put the number in sequence of what it was and put that number on your spreadsheet and just write down what it was and your beginning balance and then you're ending balance. That's all you have to do nothing more than that. And we gave them a briefcase of money and - of taka and they went off. And while we had these people out there with their briefcases full of money containing smallpox and what not, the government decided to have a demonetization effort. And they demonetized all the money and said all the money had to be returned to the bank and they'd give you a receipt for it because they're going to issue new currency. Well needless to say that put our campaign in a bit of a bind because people then couldn't get paid and so on. So our people had to go to the banks wherever they were in the field, turn in the money, get a receipt and we got a special dispensation from the president of the country and the head of the treasury that said we would be given - among the first ones to be given the new currency as soon as we turned in the old money so that we could keep the campaign going. So there were little exciting moments like this that happened from time to time and we were working with nationalities. All nationalities were involved and as you know the Americans and the Russians and I forget if it was originally the Russians idea and the Americans joined it or what it was but we got WHO to accept this program. And so in Bangladesh we were working occasionally with Russians and they liked our cigarettes and we liked their vodka so we'd you know trade and that stuff but they thought that were working for the CIA and we knew they were working for the KGB. I mean there just wasn't any way they'd be let out of the country if they weren't. None of us were CIA but you know you couldn't change their mind on that. So we worked with a lot of different nationalities and one character in particular stands out, Dr. Larry Brilliant. And he's a physician from Detroit and went to study with a guru in India and the guru said, "You're going to eradicate smallpox from India. You're going to join the smallpox eradication program,." and he went to D.A. and said, "I need a job." And the Nicole Grasset who's a French woman physician who headed the regional office of smallpox campaign in Delhi said, "No we really don't have anything for you." Went back to the guru and the guru said go back. Anyway he ended up working in the smallpox eradication program and was instrumental with others in getting Tata Industries to put in money and to organize their workers and have - support eradication efforts there. Now Tata Industries as you know just bought Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford Motor Company so gives you an idea of how the world has changed. When I left Bangladesh I had decided that I needed - global public health was the love of my life. It was what I felt I was born to do. I wasn't going back to teaching. I really couldn't do anything else after having done something this exciting so I went back to Michigan via Asia and signed up at the University of Michigan School of Public Health to do an MPH. Well, who should I find there but Larry Brilliant as my academic advisor and Steve Jones is a student there as well. So I tell you, you just can't get away from these people. But I had to delay my admission to the University of Michigan. I had to call them up and said, "Well I have to go to the Cameroon." Stan Foster wanted me to go to Cameroon to do an assessment of the whole country's health system for the program that was to follow on from smallpox campaign which was the expanded program on immunization. So I designed a questionnaire, visited the whole country, every health facility in the whole country and left the report there and then went back to the University of Michigan to start my degree. While I was there I met Dave Hayman who was assigned there and he was taking over after Bernie Gayer that had left. And so I talked a little bit with Dave and showed him the report and he thanked me and we went off. And two years later, I forget what country I was in, maybe I was in the Philippines at the time, I got this note from David Hayman thanking me for this report. That it was so comprehensive that it has been the principal reference document for them in establishing their expanded program on immunization. And again that was made possible by traveling and working with and the support of the Cameroonians. I had a small staff and a driver that we went around to do that. That it's nothing I did by myself. So it's good to know that what you do, do works out quite well. Okay. A little bit about smallpox in Somalia. I was at the University of Michigan and Michigan liked the idea of a student coming in with the experience that I had and in the summer times working as a consultant. So I was invited to go and work in Somalia as a consultant for three year four months and I was assigned to a small town of Marka which is just south of Mogadishu. And Somalia was very safe at the time and there wasn't any problems, anything like there is now and because of the lack of availability of food we were on sea rations. So we had little Bunsen burner and we opened the cans and cooked our food. In the town of Marka lived the world's last case of smallpox and I've forgotten his name but he - we were doing a scab survey so I needed to interview. The word went out that I needed to interview anybody that had pox or of course scabs. And he showed up and introduced himself and I knew who he was and he said, "You know I've been interviewed by The New York Times, The Washington Post, The London Times and The Straits Times and newspapers all over the world by these reporters and they pay me handsomely for the interviews. What do you have for me?" And I said, "Well I don't work for a fancy newspaper, I'm not a reporter and all I have is you know a couple of cans of this sea rations that I have, a couple of aspirin and maybe some malaria tablets but to tell you the truth that's all I have." With a little bit of pause he said, "Okay. We'll do it." So I interviewed him and that was a telling moment. Another instance Dave - not Dave - Peter Kraskow and I went -- he was working there as well -- went and lived with the nomads and their camels for about a week. And we did some blood sticks for antibody levels in neonates and I did a paper at the University of Michigan on those findings. And it was really enjoyable. Whenever I go to a country I really like to be with the people and learn of their customs and certainly their language which is a beginning to opening doors to their culture. I always try and learn just a few words of a language and in Somalia there were no smallpox cases at the time but we almost lost a couple of people. I remember one time coming back to a base camp that we had with some officers and things, finding Peter Kraskow on the floor of the lavatory. He had passed out so I got him back up and we got him healthy again and that was all right but Steve Fitzgerald who was working in the north -- I forget the name of the districts, were way, way in the north there -- almost died of dehydration. He had a bad case of diarrhea and all that he and his driver could do is pull off by the side of the road and underneath the tree and he had some re- hydration salts and some purified water and so the driver nursed Steve back to health enough so that he could get back to Mogadishu and continue his work. Interviewer2: I think we could go on all afternoon with this Howard. Interviewee: We could Interviewer2: [Inaudible 40.12] finish off with... Interviewer: What this means or how it has changed me or... Interviewer: Exactly, yeah. Interviewee: Okay. Interviewer2: I think you have pretty much told us what it's done for you. Interviewee: Right. In fact it has changed my life. Just a couple of sentences. When I had dinner with Ken Bloom and his wife Lois who also helped with the eradication program in Bangladesh and we ran into them in Boston many years ago, they had children at the time, my wife and I didn't. They said, "Well if you had children it's going to change your life forever," and I didn't quite know what they were talking about until we had children and it will change your life forever. And it's how I would attribute my work and experience with the smallpox eradication program. It has changed my life, changed my life forever. I wouldn't trade any of it, I wouldn't do any of it - I would do it all over again about the same way that I had in the past but it's just a rare opportunity. And when I'm back and I meet with people and tell them a little bit about that I make an effort to thank them for their contributions to the programs because they're tax payers and it's rare that a taxpayer really has any kind of connection with what's going on overseas and how their tax dollars are being spent overseas. So I try and make an effort to that to bring them into the activity of it themselves. I'm grateful for the opportunity. Interviwer2: That was a great interview. It truly was. </pre> Player html for embedded player to stream video content <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VIKcPkaZ0Kk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Type The nature or genre of the resource interviews motion pictures moving image Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-04-02 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/15pjn emory:15pjn Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 9037560000 bytes video/x-dv Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tolavoil, Ted (Interviewer); Emory University Miner, Tim (Interviewee); CDC Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Centers for Disease Control Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Smallpox Workers (2008 : Atlanta, Georgia) Title A name given to the resource MINER, HOWARD "TIM" Description An account of the resource Tim Miner was a Peace Corps volunteer assigned to the Smallpox Eradication Program in Zaire, now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and then later Bangladesh. Tim recounts many tales from the field and how this experience has influenced his life. Subject The topic of the resource Smallpox Eradication Language A language of the resource English https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/975ba687278410969715be94a88dd090.png 15fa6741eaef19f97b035b8ed7d446a0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIV/AIDS Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILenb8RKuJk&amp;list=PL9IJKWo9nRDurUjN3ZvWkFegMxKLmfR-N&amp;index=35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Minneapolis: America Responds to AIDS Description An account of the resource From 1987 to 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored America Responds to AIDS, a multipart public awareness campaign that focused on reaching a wide range of audiences variously defined by identity or behavior. Minneapolis AIDS volunteer and others diagnosed with AIDS discuss the impact of AIDS on themselves and their love ones. “Know the facts …..tell others” Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Part of the David J. Sencer CDC Museums Collection at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-1996 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2017 510 12 02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource America Responds to AIDS AIDS family women https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/files/original/1252ed2ed7412e9d77cc1179405a37d1.jpg 8321c310a65ae024da9b1ae2b28d6d6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smallpox Description An account of the resource <div class="landing"> <p>Smallpox disease was declared eradicated in 1980, the result of a collaborative global campaign. To date, it is the only disease affecting humans to be eradicated from the world. Global eradication of smallpox ranks among the great achievements of humankind. Gone, through determined human effort, is a disease which has brought death to millions, frequently altering the course of history, and traveling through the centuries to every part of the world.  </p> <p>The vital contributions made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighted. Official government correspondence, meeting transcripts, policy statements, surveillance reports and mortality statistics tell a part of that story. Adding depth to these traditional archives are the personal stories of the public health pioneers who worked tirelessly on the frontlines of the smallpox eradication campaign.</p> <p>The links above connect you to a database of oral histories, photographs, documents, and other media.</p> <p>Use of this information is free, but please see <strong>“About this Site”</strong> for guidance on how to acknowledge the sources of the information used</p> </div> Media Powerpoints, Recorded lectures, movies, training films, and interviews Player html for embedded player to stream video content <br /><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IWlp31wIF-k" frameborder="0"></iframe> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MIRACLE IN TONGA Description An account of the resource Produced by the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service Audiovisual Center Production, Communicable Disease Center. Made possible through cooperation of the Department of the Army. CDC physicians; Dr. Ron Roberto, Dr. William Foege, Dr. Pierce Gardner, Dr. Peter Greenwald and equipment specialist Bill Higgins evaluate a new inexpensive and rapid immunization device called a Ped-o-Jet. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The David J. Sencer CDC Museum at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 www.cdc.gov/museum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Miracle in Tonga.mp4 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Photographer Vachel Blair